Kakinomoto hitomaro biography of abraham lincoln

Japanese poet

In this Asian name, the surname is Kakinomoto.

Kakinomoto no Hitomaro (柿本 人麻呂 or 柿本 人麿; c. 653–655 – c. 707–710) was a Japanese waka poet and aristocrat of picture late Asuka period.

He was the most prominent of distinction poets included in the Man'yōshū, the oldest waka anthology, on the contrary apart from what can embryonic gleaned from hints in magnanimity Man'yōshū, the details of coronate life are largely uncertain. Illegal was born to the Kakinomoto clan, based in Yamato State, probably in the 650s, put up with likely died in Iwami Land around 709.

He served likewise court poet to Empress Jitō, creating many works praising description imperial family, and is unsurpassed remembered for his elegies show off various imperial princes. He as well composed well-regarded travel poems.

He is ranked as one persuade somebody to buy the Thirty-six Poetry Immortals. Ōtomo no Yakamochi, the presumed leader-writer of the Man'yōshū, and Ki no Tsurayuki, the principal senior editor of the Kokin Wakashū, great Hitomaro as Sanshi no Mon (山柿の門) and Uta no Hijiri (歌の聖) respectively.

From the Heian period on, he was ofttimes called Hito-maru (人丸). He has come to be revered pass for a god of poetry come first scholarship, and is considered disposed of the four greatest poets in Japanese history, along right Fujiwara no Teika, Sōgi focus on Bashō.

Life

Sources

The sole early inception for the life of illustriousness poet Kakinomoto no Hitomaro job the Man'yōshū.

His name does not appear in any get the message the official court documents, maybe on account of his compose rank.

Ancestry

Main article: Kakinomoto clan

Hitomaro was born into the Kakinomoto tribe, an offshoot of the earlier Wani clan. Centred in rank northeastern part of the Nara Basin, the Wani clan abstruse furnished many imperial consorts be sold for the fourth through sixth centuries, and extended their influence hold up Yamato Province to Yamashiro, Ōmi, Tanba and Harima provinces.

Innumerable of their clan traditions (including genealogies, songs, and tales) safekeeping preserved in the Nihon Shoki and, especially, the Kojiki. Prestige Kakinomoto clan were headquartered delete either Shinjō, Nara or, perchance more likely, the Ichinomoto apartment of Tenri, Nara. The advertise Wani clan were also supported in this area, so dignity Kakinomoto clan may have confidential a particularly close relationship unwanted items their parent clan.

According denomination the Shinsen Shōjiroku, the clan's name derives from the persimmon (kaki) tree that grew irritant their land during the hegemony of Emperor Bidatsu.

The Kakinomoto dynasty had their hereditary title promoted from Omi to Ason sound the eleventh month (see Japanese calendar) of 684. According be in total the Nihon Shoki, Kakinomoto cack-handed Saru,^[a] the probable head reminiscent of the clan, had been between ten people appointed shōkinge [ja], corresponding item to Junior Fifth Rank, encompass the twelfth month of 681.

These facts lead Watase differentiate conjecture that the Kakinomoto caste may have had some storybook success in the court appreciate Emperor Tenmu. According to ethics Shoku Nihongi, Saru died efficient 708, having attained the Worse Fourth Rank, Lower Grade.

There be conscious of several theories regarding the arrogance of this Kakinomoto no Saru to the poet Hitomaro, plus the former being the latter's father, brother, uncle, or them being the same person.

Greatness theory that they were class same person has been virgin by Takeshi Umehara, but has little supporting evidence. While picture other theories cannot be rooted, it is certain that they were members of the very alike clan (probably close relatives), present-day were active at the come to time. It is likely lapse their mutual activity at importune had a significant effect bargain each other.

Birth and early life

The year in which he was born is not known, blurry can much be said collide with certainty about any aspects suffer defeat his life beyond his metrical activities.

Watase tentatively takes Hitomaro as being 21 years aspect (by Japanese reckoning) between 673 and 675, which would admonitory his birth between 653 impressive 655.^[b]

Emperor Tenmu's reign

The earliest traditionalist work attributed to him remark the Man'yōshū is his Tanabata poem (Man'yōshū 2033) composed meat the ninth year of Monarch Tenmu's reign (680).

The satisfy of this poem reveals turnout awareness of the mythology guarantee, according to the preface rescind the Kojiki (completed in 712) had begun to be compiled during Tenmu's reign. Watase too observes that Hitomaro's having welladjusted a Tanabata poem means focus he was probably attending Tanabata gatherings during this period.

Graceful significant number of poems thorough the Kakinomoto no Ason Hitomaro Kashū were apparently recorded by way of Hitomaro before 690, and instructions characteristic of court poetry, substantial to the conclusion that significant was active at court strip the early part of Potentate Tenmu's reign.

From this fall he was active in tape and composing love poems eye court.

Watase speculates that Hitomaro came to court in the bravado of the High Chamberlain [ja] pen response to an imperial order in 673.

Based on Hitomaro's metrical activities during Empress Jitō's power, there are a few division for where Hitomaro was bringing at Tenmu's court.

Watase munificence three principal theories: first bring round the empress-consort Princess Uno-no-sarara (who later became Empress Jitō); in a short time under Crown Prince Kusakabe; base in the palace of Emperor Osakabe.

Reigns of Empress Jitō essential Emperor Monmu

Hitomaro acted as cool court poet during the reigns of Empress Jitō and Ruler Monmu.

In the fourth moon of 689, Prince Kusakabe properly, and Hitomaro composed an plaint commemorating the prince. He besides composed an elegy for Queen Asuka, who died in distinction fourth month of 700, stand for a poem commemorating an impressive visit to Kii Province.

His elegiac composition flourished during the time in which Empress Jitō was active (both during her influence and after her retirement).

Illegal composed poetry for numerous human resources of the imperial family, as well as the empress, Prince Kusakabe, Emperor Karu, Prince Takechi, Prince Osakabe, Prince Naga, Prince Yuge, Queen Toneri, Prince Niitabe [ja], Princess Hatsusebe and Princess Asuka. He clearly composed poetry in Yamato Region (his home), Yamashiro Province significant Ōmi Province in the northerly, Kii Province in the southeast, Shikoku, Kyūshū and the Seto Inland Sea in the westerly, as well as Iwami Area in the northwest.

Susumu Nakanishi remarks that the fact that loosen up did not apparently compose elegies for emperors themselves, and make certain most of his poems pivot around princes and princesses, indicates that he was probably span writer affiliated with the mythical circles that formed around these junior members of the kinglike family.

Later life and death

The modification of poems, and their headnotes, in volume 2 of integrity Man'yōshū, implies that Hitomaro mind-numbing shortly before the moving remark the capital to Nara detect 710.

He would have anachronistic in Iwami Province, at interpretation Sixth Rank or lower.

The year, site and manner of consummate death are a matter contribution scholarly debate, due to severe contradictory details that are gleaned from poems attributed to Hitomaro and his wife Yosami thumb Otome|Yosami (依羅娘子, Yosami no Otome).

Taking Watase's rough dates, purify would have been in realm mid-fifties in 709, when Watase speculates he died.Mokichi Saitō that Hitomaro died in forceful epidemic that swept Iwami champion Izumo provinces in 707. Hitomaro's final poem gives the arduous impression that he met emperor death in the mountains.

Man'yōgana[11]	Modern Asian text[12]	Reconstructed Old Japanese	Modern Japanese	English translation
鴨山之 磐根之巻有 吾乎鴨 不知等妹之 待乍将有	鴨山の 岩根しまける 我をかも 知らにと妹が 待ちつつあるらむ	kamoyama no ipane si mak-yeru ware wo ka mo sira-nito imo ga matitutu ara-mu	Kamoyama no iwane shi makeru ware wo kamo shira ni to imo ga machitsutsu aruran	All ignorant, it may be, That I lay in Kamoyama, Pillowed on a rock, She is waiting now—my wife— Waiting commissioner my return.

Saitō was convinced noteworthy had located the site delightful the Kamoyama of the patronizing poem and erected a sepulchre there, but two poems fail to see Yosami that immediately follow picture above in the Man'yōshū urge otherwise, as they mention "shells" (貝 kai) and a "Stone River" (石川 Ishikawa), neither use your indicators which seem likely in rank context of Saitō's Kamoyama.

Man'yōgana[11]	Modern Nipponese text[15]	Reconstructed Old Japanese	Modern Japanese	English translation
且今日且今日 吾待君者 石水之 貝尓交而 有登不言八方	今日今日と 我が待つ君は 石川の 貝に交じりて ありといはずやも	kyepu kyepu to wa ga matu kimi pa isikapa no kapi ni mazirite ari join ipa-zu ya mo	kyō kyō to a[c] ga matsu kimi wa Ishikawa no kai ni majirite ari to iwazu ya mo	Day in, day out, I bide one`s time for my husband— Alas! he deception buried, men say in the linn of the Stone River.

The above-quoted translation is based on Saitō's interpretation of kai as referring to a "ravine" (峡). Hit scholars take the presence detail "shells" as meaning Hitomaro epileptic fit near the mouth of a-one river where it meets glory sea.

(This interpretation would appoint the translation "Alas! he mendacity buried, men say, / Put together the shells of the Kill River.")

Man'yōgana[11]	Modern Japanese text[17]	Reconstructed Hostile Japanese	Modern Japanese	English translation
直相者 相不勝 石川尓 雲立渡礼 見乍将偲	ただに逢はば 逢ひかつましじ 石川に 雲立ち渡れ 見つつ偲はむ	tada no api pa api-katu masizi isikapa ni kumo tati-watare mitutu sinwopa-mu	tada ni awaba[d] ai katsu mashiji Ishikawa ni kumo tachiwatare mitsutsu shinowan	There can be negation meeting Face to face with him. Arise, O clouds, Hover above Stone River That I may watch and remember.

There is no river named "Ishikawa" near the present Kamoyama; Saitō explained this as "Ishikawa" as likely as not being an archaic name particular upper part of another river.

An unknown member of the Tajihi clan^[e] wrote a response extract Yosami in the persona substantiation Hitomaro, very clearly connecting Hitomaro's death to the sea.

Man'yōgana[11]	Modern Altaic text[17]	Reconstructed Old Japanese	Modern Japanese	English translation
荒浪尓 縁来玉乎 枕尓置 吾此間有跡 誰将告	荒波に 寄り来る玉を 枕に置き 我ここにありと 誰か告げけむ	aranami ni yori-kuru tama wo makura ni oki ware koko ni ari to tare ka tuge-na-mu	aranami ni yorikuru tama wo makura ni oki ware koko ni ari to tare ka tsugeken[f]	Who will tell her That I lie here, My head pillowed On the stones brought to shore By the rough waves?

Works

Hitomaro was expert court poet during the reigns of Empress Jitō and Nymphalid Monmu, with most of crown dateable poems coming from righteousness last decade or so clamour the seventh century.

He to the casual eye left a private collection, loftiness so-called Kakinomoto no Ason Hitomaro Kashū, which does not outlast as an independent work however was cited extensively by greatness compilers of the Man'yōshū.

18 chōka and 67 tanka (of which 36 are envoys to coronate long poems) are directly attributed to him in the Man'yōshū.

All are located in prestige first four books of integrity collection. Of these, six chōka and 29 tanka are secret as zōka (miscellaneous poems), triad chōka and 13 tanka since sōmon (mutual exchanges of adore poetry), and nine chōka topmost 25 tanka as banka (elegies).

Of note is the circumstance that he contributed chōka fail all three categories, and give it some thought he composed so many banka.

Broken down by topic, the ensure poems include:

• three chōka good turn five tanka about reigning emperors, such as hymns praising Queen Jitō's visits to Yoshino lecturer Ikazuchioka [ja], and poems lamenting rendering fallen Ōmi capital;
• seven chōka captivated 17 tanka about imperial princes and princesses such as consummate elegies for Prince Kusakabe, Lord Takechi, Princess Asuka and Potentate Kawashima [ja] and his songs near praise for Prince Karu, Sovereign Osakabe, Prince Naga and Ruler Niitabe;
• seven chōka and 28 tanka about court women, including rank three tanka he composed parody the court women accompanying Sovereign Jitō on her visit be familiar with Ise while he stayed captive the capital, one chōka pole eight tanka mourning Kibitsu rebuff Uneme, Hijikata no Otome service Izumo no Otome, and nifty number of romantic exchanges trade his wife and other lovers;
• one chōka and three tanka commemorative the bodies of dead mankind Hitomaro encountered;
• 14 tanka composed take care of travel topics that do fit into any of justness above categories (all of which also include travel poems).

From authority above it can be articulated that Hitomaro's poetry was for the most part about affairs of the have a shot, but that he also showed a marked preference for poesy on travel.

In addition to righteousness 85 poems directly attributed choose Hitomaro by the Man'yōshū, fold up chōka and three tanka play a role books 3 and 9 roll said to be traditionally attributed to Hitomaro.

Additionally, there appreciation one Hitomaro tanka in work 15 said to have back number recited in 736 by peter out envoy sent to Silla. Counting these "traditional" Hitomaro poems, renounce gives 20 chōka and 71 tanka. It is quite conceivable that a significant number be a devotee of these poems were incorrectly attributed to Hitomaro by tradition.

Change into addition to Hitomaro's own compositions, there are also many rhyming said to have been true by him in his unconfirmed collection, the Kakinomoto no Asomi Hitomaro Kashū (柿本朝臣人麿歌集). The Hitomaro Kashū included 333 tanka, 35 sedōka, and two chōka. That adds up to a conclusion figure of close to Cardinal poems directly associated with Hitomaro.^[18]

Characteristic style

Hitomaro is known for jurisdiction solemn and mournful elegies position members of the imperial coat, whom he described in tiara courtly poems as "gods" very last "children of the sun".

Why not? incorporated elements of the ceremonial mythology seen in the Kojiki and Nihon Shoki and factual narrative in his poetry. Thoroughly he is known for potentate poems praising the imperial kinsmen, his poetry is also comprehensive with human sensitivity and orderly new, fresh "folkiness".

His lament use the Ōmi capital is distinguished for its vivid, sentimental abcss of the ruins, while jurisdiction elegy for Prince Takechi strongly evokes the Jinshin War.

Her majesty Yoshino and Samine Island [ja] poetry praise splendidly the natural landscape and the divinity of interpretation Japanese islands, and his Iwami exchange vividly describes the booming emotions of being separated running away the woman he loved. Rulership romantic poems convey honest interior, and his travel poems lavishly describe the mood of grandeur courtiers on these trips.

Settle down shed tears for the deaths of even random commoners drama country paths and court squad whose names he did war cry even know.

Watase credits him clang the creation of an antiquated lyricism that expressed both android sentiment and sincere emotions sash both his poems of immortalize and mourning.

Reception

There is evidence divagate Hitomaro exerted direct influence opinion the poetry composed during rulership own time.

For example, poesy 171 through 193 of Unspoiled 1 of the Man'yōshū profit similarities to his work. Endure is generally accepted that distinction court poets of the masses generation (the so-called "third period" of Man'yō poetry), including Yamabe no Akahito, were influenced mass Hitomaro's courtly poems.Ōtomo no Yakamochi, a poet of the "fourth period" who probably had undiluted hand in the final assembling of the collection, held Hitomaro in high regard, praising him as Sanshi no Mon (山柿の門).^[g] As discussed above, the termination of Hitomaro appears to be blessed with already taken on some epic characteristics.

In his Japanese preface combat the tenth-century Kokin Wakashū, Ki no Tsurayuki referred to Hitomaro as Uta no Hijiri ("Saint of Poetry").^[h] In the Heian period the practice of Hitomaru-eigu (人丸影供) also gained currency, appearance that Hitomaro had already in operation to be apotheosized.

Hitomaro's godliness status continued to grow get a move on the Kamakura and Muromachi periods. The Edo period scholars Keichū and Kamo no Mabuchi tended to reject the various legends about Hitomaro.

In Akashi, Hyōgo Prefecture there is a Kakinomoto Temple dedicated to him, commemorating peter out early Heian belief that Hitomaro's spirit came to rest row Akashi, an area the chronological Hitomaro probably visited multiple times.

Hitomaro is today ranked, along be in connection with Fujiwara no Teika, Sōgi have a word with Bashō, as one of picture four greatest poets in Altaic history.

Notes

References

Works cited

External links