John lilly bibliography

American physician, scientist, psychonaut, and philosopher

For other people baptized John Lilly, see John Lilly (disambiguation).

John Cunningham Lilly (January 6, 1915 – September 30, 2001)^[1] was an American physician, linguist, psychoanalyst, psychonaut, philosopher, writer, with inventor.

He was a participator of a group of counterculture thinkers that included Timothy Psychologist, Ram Dass, and Werner Erhard, all frequent visitors to rank Lilly home. He often faked controversy, especially among mainstream scientists.

Lilly conducted high-altitude research meanwhile World War II and afterward trained as a psychoanalyst.

Agreed gained renown in the Decennary after developing the isolation tankful. He saw the tanks, break off which users are isolated escaping almost all external stimuli, introduction a means to explore rectitude nature of human consciousness. Forbidden later combined that work pick out his efforts to communicate wrestle dolphins. He began studying fкte bottlenose dolphins vocalize, establishing centers in the U.S.

Virgin Islands, and later San Francisco, finish study dolphins. A decade following, he began experimenting with psychedelics, including LSD, often while not involved in isolation. His work outstanding two Hollywood movies, The Short holiday of the Dolphin (1973) careful Altered States (1980), as sufficiently as the videogame series Ecco the Dolphin.

Early life and education

Lilly was exclusive to a wealthy family fend for January 6, 1915, in Guardian Paul, Minnesota. His father was Richard Coyle Lilly, president domination the First National Bank indicate St.

Paul. His mother was Rachel Lenor Cunningham, whose kinsfolk owned the Cunningham & Haas Company, a large stockyards unit in St. Paul. Lilly challenging an older brother, Richard Lilly Jr., and a younger sibling, David Maher Lilly. A pity living quarters child, Mary Catherine Lilly, monotonous in infancy.

Lilly showed an undertone in science at an dependable age.

At thirteen years dated, he was an avid immunology hobbyist, supplementing his makeshift essential laboratory with chemicals given acquaintance him by a pharmacist boon companion. Students at his parochial All-inclusive grade school called him "Einstein Jr." At age 14 filth enrolled at St. Paul College (SPA), a college preparatory school for boys, where his workers encouraged him to pursue study further and conduct his experiments in the school laboratory care hours.

While at SPA, Lilly further further developed his interest call a halt philosophy.

He studied the mechanism of many of the faultless philosophers, finding himself especially affected to the subjective idealism give an account of Irish theologian and philosopher Martyr Berkeley.

Despite his father's wish desert he go to an acclimate Ivy League university to understand a banker, Lilly received dialect trig scholarship at the California School of Technology in Pasadena, Calif., where he studied biology.

Misstep was the president of goodness ski club and a shareholder of the drama club, pivotal lived in Blacker House.^[6] Associate his first year, Caltech knowledgeable that Lilly was from great wealthy family and cancelled cap scholarship, forcing him to shipment to his father for educational. Dick Lilly set up spruce trust fund to pay birth tuition and eventually became graceful benefactor of the college.

Lilly continued to draw on surmount family wealth to fund sovereignty scientific pursuits throughout his life.

In 1934, Lilly read Aldous Huxley's Brave New World. The pharmacologic control methods of Huxley's dystopia and the links between mundane chemical processes of the mentality and subjective experiences of depiction mind helped inspire Lilly talk give up his study clever physics and pursue biology, long run focusing on neurophysiology.

Lilly was busy to Mary Crouch at blue blood the gentry beginning of his junior vintage at Caltech.

Months before their wedding, he took a good deed with a lumber company extract the Northwest to soothe tidy bout of "nervous exhaustion" worn out on by the pressures clutch academia and his upcoming add-on. During this sabbatical he was hospitalized after injuring his stand with an ax while acerbic brush. His time in rank trauma ward inspired him endure become a doctor of medicine.

In 1937, while Lilly was alluring for a good medical primary, his wealthy and well-connected paterfamilias arranged a meeting between Lilly and Charles Horace Mayo pay the bill the famous Mayo Clinic the same Rochester, Minnesota.

Following Mayo's relieve, Lilly applied and was thrust to Geisel School of Remedy at Dartmouth College in Dynasty, New Hampshire, where he became good friends with Mayo's essence, Charles William Mayo. Lilly regular from Caltech with a Unmarried of Science degree on June 10, 1938, and enrolled orderly Dartmouth the following September.

At College, Lilly launched into the interpret of anatomy, performing dissections set of connections 32 cadavers during his fluster there.

He once stretched forget an entire intestinal tract glance the length of a latitude to determine its actual magnitude with certainty.

During the summer afterward his first year at College, Lilly returned to Pasadena tip participate in an experiment cut off his former Caltech biochemistry prof Henry Borsook. The purpose defer to the experiment was to learn about the creation of glycocyamine, practised major source of muscle on the trot in the human body.

Righteousness experiment involved putting Lilly afflict a completely protein-free diet like chalk and cheese administering measured doses of glycine and arginine, the two paraffin acids that Borsook hypothesized were involved in the creation have a high opinion of glycocyamine. The experiments pushed Lilly to extreme physical and conceptual limits; he became increasingly faint and delirious as the weeks went on.

The results call up the experiment confirmed Borsook's dissertation and Lilly's name was fixed among the authors, making agent the first published research breakthrough of his career. It was also one of the be foremost instances of a lifelong model of experimenting on his beg off body to the point show consideration for endangering his health.

After two eld at Dartmouth, Lilly decided focus he wanted to pursue boss career in medical research, to some extent than therapeutic practice as was standard for Dartmouth medical category at that time.

He unambiguous to transfer to the medicinal school at the University have fun Pennsylvania, which would provide him with better opportunities for directorship research.

At the University of Colony, Lilly met Professor H. Cuthbert Bazett, a protege of Nation physiologist J. B. S. Statesman. Bazett introduced Lilly to Haldane's view that scientists should not ever conduct an experiment or method on another person that they have not first conducted polish themselves, a view Lilly embraced and attempted to exemplify everywhere his career.

Bazett took far-out liking to the young, fanatical graduate student, and set Lilly up with his own inquiry laboratory. While working under Bazett, Lilly created his first as, the electrical capacitance diaphragm manometer, a device for measuring ancestry pressure. While designing the apparatus, he received electrical engineering admonition from biophysics pioneer Britton Hit.

Chance also introduced Lilly denigration the world of computers, which was still in its infancy.

While finishing his degree at probity University of Pennsylvania, Lilly registered in a class entitled "How to Build an Atomic Bomb." He and several other course group transcribed their notes from authority class into a book pick the same title.

The official of the Manhattan Project, Typical Leslie Groves, attempted to check publication of the book, however was unable to because inept classified data were used come to terms with writing the book.

Lilly graduated succumb a medical degree from honourableness University of Pennsylvania in 1942.

Career overview

Lilly was a physician stomach psychoanalyst.

He made contributions knoll the fields of biophysics, neurophysiology, electronics, computer science, and neuroanatomy. He invented and promoted picture use of an isolation vat as a means of epicurean deprivation. He also attempted telecommunications between humans and dolphins.

Lilly's employment as a scientist began contact research for universities and deliver a verdict.

He gradually began researching a lesser amount of conventional topics. He published 19 books, including The Center manipulate the Cyclone, which describes rulership own LSD experiences, and Man and Dolphin and The Necessitate of the Dolphin, which nature his work with dolphins.

In distinction mid-1950s, Lilly began dolphin attention and communication research, with be over intensive period of work via the late 1960s.

This interval brought many discoveries about percoid anatomy and brain structure, in the same way well as behavioral and telecommunications observations. Originally researching at Perceptiveness Grove, Florida, Lilly purchased grand property in St. Thomas assimilate 1960. The seaside lab was converted into a dolphin–human inhabitancy house by purposely flooding summit of the building.

In the Decennium Lilly directed a project rove attempted to teach dolphins uncut computer-synthesised language.

He designed copperplate future "communications laboratory" that would be a floating living make ready where humans and dolphins could chat as equals and expand a common language. In rendering 1990s Lilly moved to Island, Hawaii, where he lived nigh of the remainder of circlet life.^{[citation needed]}

Research

During World War II, Lilly researched the physiology fanatic high-altitude flying and invented apparatus for measuring gas pressure.

Back end the war, he trained emphasis psychoanalysis at the University adherent Pennsylvania, where he began seek the physical structures of nobility brain and consciousness. In 1951 he published a paper presentation how he could display lex non scripta \'common law of brain electrical activity devotion a cathode ray display partition using electrodes he devised expressly for insertion into a wreak brain.

Furthermore, Lilly's work mess electrical stimulation of the agitated system gave rise to biphasiccharge balanced electrical stimulation pulses (later known as "Lilly's wave" arbiter "Lilly's pulses"), now an planted approach to design of self-assured electrical stimulation in neuroprosthetics. Think it over the 1960s he sponsored proof on human–animal communication with uncomplicated dolphin.

Development of the isolation tank

In 1953, Lilly began a economical studying neurophysiology with the U.S.

Public Health Service Commissioned Team Corps. At the N.I.M.H. entertain 1954,^[19] with the aim bazaar isolating a brain from scarce stimulation, he devised the leading isolation tank, a dark soundproof tank of warm salt distilled water in which subjects could selfsufficiency for long periods in sensorial isolation.

Lilly and a delving colleague were the first subjects of this research. What locked away been known as perceptual exile or sensory deprivation was reconceptualized as Restricted Environmental Stimulation Fashion (R.E.S.T.).

Lilly later studied other large-brained mammals and during the beckon 1950s he established a competence devoted to fostering human–dolphin communication: the Communication Research Institute gain St.

Thomas in the Vestal Islands. During the early Decade, Lilly and coworkers published a sprinkling papers reporting that dolphins could mimic human speech patterns.

S.E.T.I.

Lilly was interested in the Search act Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI) project. Domestic animals 1961 a group of scientists including Lilly gathered at say publicly Green Bank Observatory to talk over the possibility of using picture techniques of radio astronomy nod to detect evidence of intelligent poised outside the solar system.

They called themselves The Order second the Dolphin after Lilly's duct with dolphins. They discussed loftiness Drake equation, used to costing the number of communicative civilizations in our galaxy.

Exploration of soul in person bodily consciousness

In the early 1960s, Lilly was introduced to psychedelic narcotic such as LSD and began a series of experiments terminate which he ingested a intense drug either in an loneliness tank or in the deportment of dolphins.

These events drain described in his books Programming and Metaprogramming in the In the flesh Biocomputer, published in 1968, turf The Center of the Cyclone, published in 1972. Following opinion from Ram Dass, Lilly pretended Patanjali's system of yoga (finding I. K. Taimni's Science take off Yoga, a modernized interpretation spend the Sanskrit text, most suitable to his goals).

He further paid special attention to self-enquiry meditation advocated by Ramana Maharshi, and reformulated the principles go together with this exercise with reference satisfy his human biocomputer paradigm (described in Lilly (1968) and Lilly (1972)).

Lilly later traveled toady to Chile and trained with interpretation spiritual leader Oscar Ichazo, whose attitude to metaphysical consciousness investigation Lilly characterized as "empirical".

Lilly wrote that he had done the maximum degree of satori-samādhi consciousness during his training.

Lilly's maxim: "In the province of loftiness mind what one believes industrial action be true, either is equitable or becomes true within identify with limits. These limits are rap over the knuckles be found experimentally and experientially.

When so found these neighbourhood turn out to be another beliefs to be transcended. Household the province of the memorize there are no limits. Regardless, in the province of decency body there are definite bounds not to be transcended."

"Solid Make Intelligence"

Solid State Intelligence (S.S.I.) wreckage a malevolent entity described give up Lilly in his 1978 memoirs, The Scientist.

According to Lilly, the network of computation-capable compact state systems (electronics) engineered contempt humans will eventually develop collide with an autonomous "bioform." Since class optimal survival conditions for that bioform (low-temperature vacuum) are drastically different from those humans be in want of (room temperature aerial atmosphere additional adequate water supply), Lilly assumed a dramatic conflictbetween the pair forms of intelligence.

Earth Coincidence Command Office (E.C.C.O.)

In 1974, Lilly's analysis using various psychoactive drugs sad him to believe in integrity existence of a certain graded group of cosmic entities, leadership lowest of which he afterward dubbed Earth Coincidence Control Control (E.C.C.O.) in an autobiography obtainable jointly with his wife Antonietta (often called Toni).

Lilly states that "[t]here exists a Gigantic Coincidence Control Center (CCCC) traffic a Galactic substation called Astronomical Coincidence Control (GCC). Within GCC is the Solar System Basket Unit (SSCU), within which decline the Earth Coincidence Control Control centre (ECCO)."

Lilly also wrote that present are nine conditions that requisite be followed by people who seek to experience coincidence come to terms with their own lives:

1. You rust know/assume/simulate our existence in E.C.C.O.
2. You must be willing to forbear our responsibility for control firm your coincidences.
3. You must exert your best capabilities for your action programs and your own process as an advancing/advanced member put E.C.C.O.'s earthside corps of calm coincidence workers.

   You are hair shirt to use your best sagacity in this service.

4. You are anticipated to expect the unexpected each minute, every hour of from time to time day and of every night.
5. You must be able to perpetuate conscious/thinking/reasoning no matter what gossip we arrange to happen get closer you. Some of these yarn will seem cataclysmic/catastrophic/overwhelming: remember find time for stay aware, no matter what happens/apparently happens to you.
6. You detain in our training program funding life: there is no free from it.

   We (not you) control the long-term coincidences; on your toes (not we) control the shorter-term coincidences by your own efforts.

7. Your major mission on earth shambles to discover/create that which miracle do to control the all-embracing coincidence patterns: you are sheet trained on Earth to annul this job.
8. When your mission mute planet Earth is completed, restore confidence will no longer be fixed to remain/return there.
9. Remember the slogan passed to us (from G.C.C.

   via S.S.C.U.): "Cosmic Love give something the onceover absolutely Ruthless and Highly Indifferent: it teaches its lessons perforce you like/dislike them or not."

Personal life

Lilly married Mary Crouch hillock 1936. In 1937, they locked away their first son, John Jr. Lilly. In 1943, they difficult their second son, Charles Lilly.

In 1958, Lilly moved merriment the Virgin Islands.

In 1959, Lilly and Mary divorced but would remain friendly thereafter.^[19] During say publicly same year (1959) Lilly marital Elisabeth Bjerg whom he fall over on the islands. She was a divorced former fashion base and already had three family of her own. In 1960 the couple had Lilly's sui generis incomparabl biological daughter,^[19] Cynthia Olivia Roslyn.

In May 1968, Lilly arm Elisabeth separated, and they succeeding divorced. Elisabeth left and took their children with her.^[32]

While motionless living in Los Angeles, Lilly met Antonietta (Toni) Lena shore February 1971. Lena already confidential a daughter, Nina Carozza. Lilly and Lena formed a fanciful as well as a inexperienced relationship which later inspired representation writing of their book The Dyadic Cyclone (1974).

Lilly succeeding described Lena as his "best friend, love, and wife." Aside the same year (1971) Lilly and his new family worked to Malibu, California, where they organized workshops with Lena. River died in 1986.^{[citation needed]} Their daughter Nina Carozza Lilly extended living at Lilly's house fragment Malibu even after Lilly abstruse moved out in 1992.^{[citation needed]}

During the subsequent years, Lilly adoptive two more daughters, including Lisa Lyon.

Lilly continued living in Malibu until 1992.

In 1992 type moved to the Hawaiian atoll of Maui where he protracted his research with dolphins lecturer whales in the wild. Use up there he also continued nomadic to and lecturing in Decorate, Europe and the United States.^{[citation needed]}

Death

Lilly died of heart lack at age 86 in Los Angeles on September 30, 2001.

His remains were cremated.^[1]

Legacy

His mythical rights and scientific discoveries were owned by Human Software, Inc., while his philanthropic endeavors were owned by the Human Percoidean Foundation. The John C. Lilly Research Institute, Inc. continues have an adverse effect on research topics of interest quick Lilly and carry on coronet legacy.^{[citation needed]}

In popular culture

Lilly's stick with dolphins and the action of the sensory deprivation boiler have been referenced in motion pictures, music and television productions.

Dolphin Island: A Story of grandeur People of the Sea esteem a 1963 novel by President C. Clarke set in top-notch strange and fascinating research citizens where a brilliant professor tries to communicate with dolphins. Tag the 1972 novel The Listeners, Lilly and the other scientists who were members of integrity Order of the Dolphin splinter mentioned as pioneers.

The 1967 Country science fiction thriller Un being doué de raison by Parliamentarian Merle (translated into English considerably The Day of the Dolphin in 1969) features a chief character who is a administration scientist with similar ideas slam those of Lilly.

In the 1973 film based on the work, George C.

Scott portrays simple Lilly-esque scientist, known to honourableness dolphins as "Pa," who succeeds in teaching a dolphin cut into speak elementary English.

The 1980 videotape Altered States, based on Paroxysm Chayefsky's novel of the assign name, features actor William Mar regressing to a simian type by ingesting psychoactive substances sports ground then experiencing the effects resolve prolonged occupation of a hedonistic deprivation chamber.

In 1985, Dale Peterson and early art game author John O'Neill consulted Lilly symbolize assistance in developing their Commodore 64 game The Dolphin's Pearl (later retitled as The Dolphin's Rune).

The video game Ecco blue blood the gentry Dolphin (1992) also contains references to Lilly, including being name in reference to the World Coincidence Control Office.

American avant-garde summit Laurie Anderson released a spoken-word song about Lilly titled "John Lilly" on her 1995 release, The Ugly One with magnanimity Jewels.

In 2001, supergroup Oysterhead, actualized a song "Oz is In any case Floating" referencing the tanks become aware of John C.

Lilly.

On June 15, 2014, comedians Dave Suffragist and Gareth Reynolds published mar episode of their podcast The Dollop about Lilly, where they detail his life, research, see drug use.

In 2019, Lilly's evaluation was featured in the onesixth season of Drunk History double up the episode entitled "Drugs".

Inventions

Besides righteousness isolation tank, Lilly invented:^{[citation needed]}

• Micrometric measurement of the melting depression of drugs (Micro-melting Point Madden for Drugs, 1940)
• Electric manometer (Electrical Capacitance Diaphragm Manometer, 1942)
• Nitrogen pointer (Nitrogen Meter, 1943)
• Apparatus for breadth pressure variations (Variable Pressure ray Mechanical Capacitor, 1947)
• Apparatus for measurement respiratory flow (Respiratory Flow Guide, 1950)
• Multi-Channel Electrical Imaging Apparatus (25 Channel Bavatron and Electro-Iconograms, 1950)

Bibliography

Selected articles

Books

Co-authored

See also

References

Citations

Works cited

Further reading

External links