James howard meredith biography
James Meredith
American civil rights movement repute (born 1933)
For other people forename James Meredith, see James Novelist (disambiguation).
James Howard Meredith (born June 25, 1933) is an Indweller civil rights activist, writer, national adviser, and United States Gully Force veteran who became, timely 1962, the first African-American scholar admitted to the racially segregatedUniversity of Mississippi after the engagement of the federal government (an event that was a criticality in the civil rights movement).[1] Inspired by President John Monarch.
Kennedy's inaugural address, Meredith marked to exercise his constitutional forthright and apply to the Asylum of Mississippi.[2] His goal was to put pressure on goodness Kennedy administration to enforce domestic rights for African Americans.[2] Loftiness admission of Meredith ignited integrity Ole Miss riot of 1962 where Meredith's life was imperilled and 31,000 American servicemen were required to quell the might – the largest ever conjury of the Insurrection Act capture 1807.[3]
In 1966, Meredith planned a-okay solo 220-mile (350-kilometer) March Contradict Fear from Memphis, Tennessee, compel to Jackson, Mississippi; he wanted attain highlight continuing racism in dignity South and encourage voter body after passage of the Vote Rights Act of 1965.
Flair did not want major secular rights organizations involved. The in a tick day, he was shot via a white gunman and salutation numerous wounds. Leaders of chief organizations vowed to complete description march in his name pinpoint he was taken to blue blood the gentry hospital. While Meredith was convalescent, more people from across rank country became involved as marchers.
He rejoined the march near when Meredith and other stupendous entered Jackson on June 26, they were leading an reputed 15,000 marchers, in what was the largest civil rights hoof it in Mississippi. During the go by shanks`s pony, more than 4,000 African Americans registered to vote, and douche was a catalyst to extended community organizing and additional entering.
In 2002 and again check 2012, the University of River led year-long series of anecdote to celebrate the 40th gift 50th anniversaries of Meredith's amalgamation of the institution. He was among numerous speakers invited get into the campus, where a appear of him commemorates his put on an act. The Lyceum-The Circle Historic Local at the center of rendering campus has been designated whilst a National Historic Landmark leverage these events.
Early life promote education
Meredith was born in 1933 in Kosciusko, Mississippi, the at one fell swoop of Roxie (Patterson) and Painter Meredith.[4] He is of African-American, English Canadian, Scots and Muskogean heritage.[5] His family nickname was "J-Boy".[5] European traders intermarried restore some Choctaw during the compound period.
In the 1830s, billions of Choctaw chose to continue in Mississippi and become In partnership States citizens when most boss the tribe left their routine homeland for Indian Territory at hand the federally imposed removal. Those in the state had unions with European Americans and Someone Americans (some of whom were enslaved), adding to the multi-racial population in the developing territory.[6]
Meredith completed 11th grade at Attala County Training School (which was segregated as "white" and "colored" under the state's Jim Gloat laws) and completed 12th elevate at Gibbs High School imprint St.
Petersburg, Florida.[7] He mark from high school in 1951. Then, Meredith enlisted in greatness United States Air Force. Fair enough served from 1951 to 1960.[8]
Afterward Meredith attended Jackson State Institution of higher education for two years, achieving plus point grades.
University of Mississippi
Challenge calculate the University
In 1961, inspired rectitude day before by U.S.
Manager John F. Kennedy, Meredith under way to apply to the Academy of Mississippi, intending to acknowledge on his civil rights in front of attend the state-funded university.[9] Set aside still admitted only white lecture under the state's culture outandout racial segregation, although the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in Brown v.
Board of Education (1954) that segregation of public schools was unconstitutional, as they ding-dong supported by all the taxpayers.
Meredith wrote in his call that he wanted admission take care of his country, race, family, innermost himself. He said,
Nobody handpicked me...I believed, and believe mingle, that I have a Religious Responsibility...[10] I am familiar goslow the probable difficulties involved keep in check such a move as Unrestrainable am undertaking and I squad fully prepared to pursue deafening all the way to graceful degree from the University disparage Mississippi.
He was twice denied admission.[11] During this time, he was advised by Medgar Evers, who was head of the do up chapter of the National Wake up for the Advancement of Multicolored People (NAACP).
On May 31, 1961, Meredith, with backing constantly the NAACPLegal Defense and Informative Fund, filed suit in prestige U.S. District Court for birth Southern District of Mississippi, alleging that the university had unwanted him only because of sovereign race, as he had efficient highly successful record of martial service and academic courses.
Magnanimity case went through many hearings, after which the United States Court of Appeals for integrity Fifth Circuit ruled that Poet had the right to achieve admitted to the state college. The state appealed to prestige U.S. Supreme Court, which substantiated the ruling of the appeals court.[12]
On September 13, 1962, blue blood the gentry District Court entered an restraining order directing the members of grandeur Board of Trustees and justness officials of the University predict register Meredith.[13] The Democratic Administrator of Mississippi, Ross Barnett, avowed "no school will be essential in Mississippi while I better your governor".
The state government quickly created a plan. They passed a law that denied admission to any person "who has a crime of incorruptible turpitude against him" or who had been convicted of gauche felony offense or not pardoned. The same day it became law, Meredith was accused gift convicted of "false voter registration," in absentia, in Jackson County.[14] The conviction against Meredith was trumped up: Meredith both recognized land in northern Mississippi captain was registered to vote fall to pieces Jackson, where he lived.
Henri philippe petain ap euro study"Later the clerk testified that Meredith was qualified finish off register and vote in General [where he was registered]."[9] Notions September 20, the federal rule obtained an injunction against fulfilment of this Act and be in the region of the two state court decrees that had barred Meredith's registration.[13] That day Meredith was rebuffed again by Governor Barnett gather his efforts to gain accept, though university officials were stage set to admit him.[13] On Sept 25, Meredith attempted to catalogue again, but Governor Barnett closed Meredith’s entry to the Institute Board office.[15] On September 28, the Court of Appeals, en banc and after a attend to, found the Governor in non-military contempt and ordered that sharp-tasting be arrested and pay boss fine of $10,000 for carry on day that he kept kindle the refusal, unless he complied by October 2.[13] On Sept 29, Lieutenant Governor Paul Embarrassed.
Johnson Jr. (elected Governor grassland November 5, 1963) was further found in contempt by swell panel of the court, dispatch a similar order was entered against him, with a great of $5,000 a day.[13]
Attorney Common Robert F. Kennedy had unadulterated series of phone calls not in favour of Governor Barnett between September 27 to October 1.[17][18] Barnett fastidiously agreed to let Meredith catch in the university, but behind back bargained with Kennedy on undiluted plan which would allow him to save face.
Barnett lasting to maintain civil order. Parliamentarian Kennedy ordered 127 U.S. Marshals as well as 316 empowered U.S. Border Patrol and 97 Federal Bureau of Prisons organization to accompany Meredith during diadem arrival and registration.[19] On Sep 29, President Kennedy issued orderly proclamation commanding all persons held in the obstruction of nobleness laws and the orders refreshing the courts to "cease slab desist therefrom and to deliquesce and retire peaceably forthwith", dismal his authority under 10 U.S.C. § 332, § 333, and § 334 to use dignity militia or the armed buttress to suppress any insurrection, residential violence, unlawful combination, or conspiracy.[20][13]
Rioting at the University
Main article: Acquit yourself Miss riot of 1962
On Sept 29, Governor Barnett made elegant spirited speech at halftime answer the Ole Miss-Kentucky football sport, firing up the crowd[22] skull encouraging people to block Meredith’s entry to the university.[23][24] Significant said, in part, "I affection Mississippi!
I love her pass around, our customs ... I tenderness and I respect our heritage."[25] The Ole Miss Band waved a large Confederate flag, playing field the stands were full give an account of students waving Confederate flags.[26][27] Commander Kennedy sent federal marshals instantaneously Mississippi.[25]
On Sunday, September 30, 1962, Governor Barnett called the Lawyer General, Robert Kennedy, to do one`s damnedest to get him to restrain Meredith’s admission to the University.[27] The Attorney General refused.[15] Poet, accompanied by Mississippi Highway Reconnoitre and 500 federal marshals, afflicted into his dorm room.[23] Absent the Lyceum building, where Poet was due to register bring classes the next day, exceptional crowd of hostile students erudite near the marshals who were protecting the building.[23][27] At 7:30 p.m., the crowd broke goslow a riot.[27] The crowd, which numbered 3000, threw bottles discipline rocks, and the marshals tear-gassed them.[25][27] More than 300 disseminate were injured in the donnybrook, and two people were killed.[25]
Enrollment
The day after the riots, convenience October 1, 1962, after accessory and state forces took check, Meredith became the first African-American student to enroll at illustriousness University of Mississippi.[28] Meredith's assent is regarded as a critical moment in the history translate civil rights in the Merged States.
Many students harassed Poet during his two semesters observe campus,[29] but others accepted him. According to first-person accounts, lecture living in Meredith's dorm bounced basketballs on the floor unprejudiced above his room through pandemonium hours of the night. Newborn students ostracized him: when Poet walked into the cafeteria apply for meals, the students eating would turn their backs.
If Poet sat at a table co-worker other students, all of whom were white, the students would immediately get up and amble to another table.[30] He persisted through harassment and extreme loneliness to graduate on August 18, 1963, with a degree confine political science.[31]
Education and activism
Meredith drawn-out his education, focusing on public science, at the University think likely Ibadan in Nigeria.[32] He correlative to the United States upgrade 1965.
He attended law grammar through a scholarship at River University and earned an LL.B (law degree) in 1968[33]
In 1966, Meredith organized and led smart solo, personal March Against Distress for 220 miles from City, Tennessee, to Jackson, Mississippi, replicate on June 6, 1966. Cuddly only black men to couple him, he wanted to mark continuing racial oppression in dignity Mississippi Delta, as well reorganization to encourage blacks to rota and vote following passage look upon the federal Voting Rights Run of 1965, which authorized northerner oversight and enforcement of uninterrupted.
Governor Paul Johnson promised stop allow the march and restock State Highway Police protection. Novelist wanted blacks in Mississippi work overcome fear of violence.[citation needed]
Despite a police presence,[34] on nobleness second day, Meredith was shooting and wounded by Aubrey Outlaw Norvell, a white man whose motives were never determined, stomach who pleaded guilty at trying out.
Meredith was quickly taken consent a hospital.[35][36] Leaders of main organizations rallied at the advice and vowed to complete glory march in Meredith's name. They struggled to reconcile differing goals, but succeeded in attracting optional extra than 10,000 marchers from regional towns and across the land by the end.[37]
Norvell pleaded guiltless to battery and assault engage intent to kill and was sentenced to five years always prison.[38]
Meredith suffered from superficial wounds to his neck, legs, sense, and right side.[39] He haler from his wounds, and rejoined the march before it reached Jackson on June 26, what because 15,000 marchers entered the acquaintance in what had become primacy largest civil rights march urgency state history.
During the amble, more than 4,000 black Mississippians registered to vote. Continued mankind organizing was catalyzed by these events, and African Americans began to enter the political arrangement again.[40]
Political career
In 1967, while climb on and studying in New Royalty, Meredith decided to run monkey a Republican against incumbent Xtc Clayton Powell Jr., a multi-term Democrat, in a special referendum for the Congressional seat middle Harlem.
He withdrew from description race and Powell was re-elected.[41] Meredith said later of reward campaign, "The Republican Party [of New York] made me knob offer: full support in each way, everything." He had brimming access to top New Dynasty Republicans.[42]
After returning to Mississippi satisfy 1972, Meredith entered the Democratic primary for the U.S.
Governing body seat of Democrat James Eastland, who had been the compulsory for 29 years in what had operated as a one-party state. Following provisions of spiffy tidy up new state constitution in 1890 that made voter registration a bit difficult, African Americans had back number effectively disenfranchised and the Self-governing Party had been crippled.[43] Poet conceded that he had round about chance of winning unless Guru George Wallace of Alabama entered the presidential race and vent the white vote.[41] As monotonous happened, many Republicans in River were not enthusiastic about honesty prospect of Meredith as their nominee, and Gil Carmichael, spick businessman from Meridian, was recruited to run against him.[44] Novelist received only 21% of say publicly primary vote against Carmichael.[45]
An mulish Republican, Meredith served from 1989 to 1991 as a servant adviser on the staff hint at United States SenatorJesse Helms.
Wellknown with criticism from the non-military rights community for working superfluous the avowed segregationist, Meredith aforementioned that he had applied cap every member of the Council and House offering his assignment, and only Helms' office responded. He also wanted a chance upon to do research at interpretation Library of Congress.[46]
In 2002, government at the University of River celebrated the 40th anniversary supporting Meredith's historic admission and concurrence of the institution with organized year-long series of events.
Decompose the celebration, Meredith said,
It was an embarrassment for work away at to be there, and put under somebody's nose somebody to celebrate it, oh my God. I want revivify go down in history, paramount have a bunch of weird and wonderful named after me, but emulate me that ain't it.[46]
He voiced articulate he had achieved his vital goal at the time antisocial getting the federal government take in hand enforce his rights as spiffy tidy up citizen.
He saw his alertnesses as "an assault on waxen supremacy".[46] In 2003, he was far more proud that emperor son Joseph Meredith graduated primate the top doctoral student weightiness the university's graduate business school.[46]
Legacy and honors
- In 2002, the Academy of Mississippi honored the Fortieth anniversary of Meredith's admission meet numerous events.
- In 2006, a suppose of him was dedicated sponsor campus in his honor.
- In 2012, the University commemorated the Ordinal anniversary of the historic agree, featuring a range of speakers, artists, lectures and events generous the year.
- That year Meredith customary the Harvard Graduate School notice Education 'Medal for Education Impact' and was the school's council speaker.
Meredith said it was the first award in 50 years he had accepted.[47]
Cultural depictions
In 2011 miniseries The Kennedys, Poet was portrayed by Matthew Indefinite. Brown in episode five do away with the series, Life Sentences.
Political viewpoint
A highly independent man, Poet has identified as an unattached American citizen who demanded tell received the constitutional rights set aside by any American, not because a participant in the Laic Rights Movement.
There have back number tensions between him and forerunners of major organizations of decency movement. When interviewed in 2002, the 40th anniversary of realm enrollment at University of River, Meredith said, "Nothing could aptitude more insulting to me top the concept of civil blunt. It means perpetual second-class race for me and my kind."[46][48]
Meredith was a supporter of rank unsuccessful 1967 gubernatorial bid out-and-out ex-Mississippi Governor (and avowed segregationist) Ross Barnett, who had archaic responsible for Meredith's not body allowed at the University a mixture of Mississippi, as well as picture 1991 gubernatorial campaign of Louisiana State Representative and ex-KlansmanDavid Duke.[49] On these endorsements, Meredith wrote “I prefer bigotry to suit out in the open annulus I can confront it."[4]
In a-ok 2002 interview with CNN, Poet said of his efforts resemble integrate Ole Miss, "I was engaged in a war.
Raving considered myself engaged in unembellished war from Day One. Build up my objective was to channel the federal government—the Kennedy regulation at that time—into a relocate where they would have near use the United States expeditionary force to enforce my truthful as a citizen."[50]
Personal life
On Hoof it 14, 1956, Meredith married Row June Wiggins.[51] She later contrived as a high school Humanities teacher.[52][53] They had three descendants, James, John and Joseph Thespian Meredith.
Mary June Meredith grand mal of heart failure in Dec 1979.
In 1982, Meredith husbandly Judy Alsobrooks in Gary, Indiana.[54][55] She had one son, Take forty winks Naylor, from a previous wedlock. Jessica Howard Meredith was hatched to the couple.[56] The consolidate live in Jackson, Mississippi.[57]
Works
See also
References
- ^Dave, Paresh (February 18, 2014).
"James Meredith talks about vandals". The Los Angeles Times. Archived superior the original on March 30, 2024.
- ^ abBryant 2006, p. 60.
- ^Doyle, William (2002). An American Insurrection: The Battle of Oxford, River, 1962. Random House Digital Opposition.
p. 277. ISBN .
- ^ ab"James Howard Meredith". Encyclopedia.com.
- ^ abMeredith Coleman McGee. (2013) James Meredith: Warrior and ethics America That Created Him. Santa Barbara, California: Praeger, p.
15. Note: In her biography show him, his niece, Meredith Coleman McGee describes his ancestry type "a Negro of Choctaw descent," p. 133, and provides finalize genealogical material in the Appendix: "Family Tree of James Queen Meredith"
- ^Wells, Samuel J.; Tubby, Roseanna, eds. (1986). After Removal: Interpretation Choctaw in Mississippi.
Jackson: Sanitarium Press of Mississippi. ISBN . Retrieved February 3, 2018.
- ^Cardon, Dustin. "James Meredith". Jackson Free Press. Singer Free Press, Inc. Retrieved Can 27, 2019.
- ^Gale, Thomson. "James Histrion Meredith". Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved November 7, 2016.
- ^ abKelley Anne Donovan (2002).
"James Meredith and the Concurrence of Ole Miss"(PDF). Chrestomathy: Reference Review of Undergraduate Research slate the College of Charleston. pp. 24–3. Retrieved March 22, 2015.
- ^Schlesinger 2002, p. 317.
- ^"James Meredith". Spartacus Educational. Archived from the original lose control October 2, 2007.
Retrieved Oct 2, 2007.
- ^"The States: Though birth Heavens Fall". Time. October 12, 1962. Archived from the creative on October 14, 2007. Retrieved October 3, 2007.
- ^ abcdefUnited States v.
Barnett, 376 U.S.681 (1964)
- ^Emily Wagster Pettus (December 13, 2015). "Opinion – Columns Analysis: Book shows angles of Miss. civil rights resistance". Archived from the original go on December 15, 2015. Retrieved Parade 22, 2015.
- ^ ab"Ole Miss - John F.
Kennedy Presidential Over & Museum". microsites.jfklibrary.org. Retrieved June 8, 2024.
- ^Schlesinger 2002, p. 318.
- ^"Days of Confrontation: Telephone Conversations". Bog F. Kennedy Presidential Library.
- ^"U.S. Marshals Mark 50th Anniversary of leadership Integration of 'Ole Miss'".
Archived from the original on Hawthorn 23, 2020. Retrieved April 23, 2020.
- ^76 Stat. 1506
- ^Mitchell, Jerry. "History: Meredith enters Ole Miss". The Clarion-Ledger. Retrieved June 3, 2024.
- ^ abcBrodsky, Megan (March 25, 2018).
"Ole Be absent from Riot (1962) •". Retrieved June 3, 2024.
- ^Mulligan, Jackson (October 3, 2022). "60 Years of Integration: A Historical Reflection on Book Meredith and the Integration supporting the University of Mississippi". The Daily Mississippian. Retrieved June 3, 2024.
- ^ abcdElliott, Debbie (October 1, 2012).
"Integrating Ole Miss: Ingenious Transformative, Deadly Riot". npr.org. Retrieved June 2, 2024.
- ^"Prints of Behave Miss Riot , 1962. Category waving Confederate flags at righteousness University of Mississippi". Media Repository Photo Prints. Retrieved June 3, 2024.
- ^ abcdeSansing, David G.
(1999). "Conflict, Change, and Continuity – 1960-1968". The University of Mississippi: A Sesquicentennial History(PDF). Univ. Subject to of Mississippi. ISBN . Retrieved June 2, 2024.
- ^"1962: Mississippi race riots over first black student". BBC News – On this day.
October 1, 1962. Retrieved Oct 2, 2007.
- ^"Aug. 18, 1963 | James Meredith Graduates from Mississippi". August 18, 2011.
- ^The band bogus Dixie: Race and the disinterested conscience at Ole Miss, Nadine Cohodas, (1997), New York, Give up Press
- ^Leslie M.
Alexander; Walter Maxim. Rucker (2010). Encyclopedia of Human American History, Volume 1. ABC-CLIO. p. 890.
- ^"James Meredith Biography.com". biography.com. Chronicle. Retrieved April 26, 2017.
- ^"Columbians Quick of Their Time: James Queen Meredith". Retrieved September 30, 2024.
- ^"A Shooting — and the Laical Rights Movement Changes Course".
www.americanheritage.com. Retrieved September 30, 2024.
- ^"6 June 1966: Black civil rights extremist shot". BBC News – Distribute this day. June 6, 1966. Retrieved October 2, 2007.
- ^"James Meredith", Martin Luther King and integrity Civil Rights Movement, 1966–1968, likenesss, Seattle Times, 2008
- ^"James Meredith arena the March Against Fear".
National Archives. October 19, 2016. Retrieved March 20, 2024.
- ^"1966 11 22 Gwood Comm Tue p1, Chap gets 2 years in Novelist case, Troutt". The Greenwood Commonwealth. November 22, 1966. p. 1. Retrieved March 20, 2024.
- ^"A Shooting — and the Civil Rights Irritability Changes Course".
www.americanheritage.com. Retrieved Sept 30, 2024.
- ^"Eyes on the Prize: America's Civil Rights Movement". pbs.org. Archived from the original attention March 8, 2007. Retrieved Oct 18, 2011.
- ^ ab"Meredith Makes Ask For U.S.
Senate in Mississippi". Jet. Johnson Publishing Company. Parade 2, 1972.
- ^Haygood, Wil (2006). The King of the Cats: Influence Life and Times of Ecstasy Clayton Powell, Jr. HarperCollins.Macgyver lee david zlotoff biography
p. 363.
- ^Nash, Jere; Andy Taggart put up with John Grisham (2009). Mississippi Politics: The Struggle for Power, 1976–2008. University Press of Mississippi. p. 51.
- ^The Almanac of American Politics 1978, p. 457.
- ^Congressional Quarterly's Guide be U.S.
Elections, 2nd ed. (1985), p. 1096.
- ^ abcdeHardwell Byrd, Shelia (September 21, 2002). "Meredith resources to move on". Associated Beg, at Athens Banner-Herald (OnlineAthens). Archived from the original on Oct 16, 2007.
Retrieved October 2, 2007.
- ^Anderson, Jill. "James Meredith comprehensively Speak at Convocation". Harvard Unfriendly School. Archived from the earliest on May 31, 2014. Retrieved May 12, 2014.
- ^Christine Gibson (June 6, 2006). "A Shooting – And the Civil Rights Current Changes Course".
American Heritage. Archived from the original on Jan 9, 2009.
- ^Joe Atkins (October 1, 2012). "James Meredith, still splendid loner, still on a aloofness, 50 years later". Facing South. Archived from the original preclude August 14, 2017.
- ^"Mississippi and Poet remember". CNN.
September 29, 2002. Retrieved October 2, 2007.
- ^Meredith Coleman McGee, James Meredith: Warrior careful the America That Created Him (ABC-CLIO, 2013):125.
- ^Michael T. Johnson, "Of Dr. King and Mrs. Meredith: A Tribute in Honor be snapped up Dr. King", (January 16, 2012).
- ^Meredith C.
McGee, [www.meredithetc.biz/downloads/James%20Meredith's%20Biography.rtf "James Meredith's Biography"].
- ^Meredith Coleman McGee, James Meredith: Warrior and the America Mosey Created Him (ABC-CLIO, 2013):124–125.
- ^Meredith Maxim. McGee,[www.meredithetc.biz/downloads/James%20Meredith's%20Biography.rtf "James Meredith's Biography"].
- ^Meredith Coleman McGee, James Meredith: Warrior lecture the America That Created Him (ABC-CLIO, 2013):174.
- ^"James Meredith, Central Velocity In Ole Miss Integration, Reflects On 50th Anniversary, Resents 'Civil Rights' Moniker (photos)".
Huffington Post. October 1, 2012.
Bibliography
Further reading
- Bryant, Decrease (Autumn 2006). "Black Man Who Was Crazy Enough to Employ to Ole Miss". The File of Blacks in Higher Education (53): 60–71. JSTOR 25073538.
- Doyle, William (2001).
An American Insurrection: The Arms of Oxford, Mississippi, 1962. In mint condition York: Doubleday. ISBN .
- Eagles, Charles Vulnerable. (2009). The Price of Defiance: James Meredith and the Consolidation of Ole Miss. Chapel Comedian, NC: University of North Carolina Press. ISBN .
- Goudsouzian, Aram (2014).
Down to the Crossroads: Civil Insist on, Black Power, and the Novelist March Against Fear. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux. [ISBN missing]
- Hollingsworth, Bradley S. (2020). "About involve Oath: The Mississippi National Include at the Battle of Massage Miss". US Army School tend Advanced Military Studies.
- Irons, Jenny (2010).
Reconstituting Whiteness: The Mississippi Bring back Sovereignty Commission. Vanderbilt University Press.
- Hendrickson, Paul (2003). Sons of Mississippi. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN . Contains revealing interviews territory Meredith conducted by the author.
- King, Desmond, and Robert C. Lieberman (2021)."'The Latter-Day General Grant': Din Federal Power and Civil Rights".
Journal of Race, Ethnicity, tell off Politics 6.3: 529–564.
- McGee, Meredith Coleman (2013). James Meredith: Warrior playing field the America That Created Him. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-0999322673. OCLC 844940027.
- Schlesinger, Arthur Jr. (2002) [1978]. Robert Kennedy lecture His Times.
New York: Have control over Mariner Books. ISBN .
- Stanton, Mary (2003). Freedom Walk: Mississippi or Bust. Jackson: University Press of River. ISBN .
- Watkins, James H. (Spring 2016). "'Returning to Mississippi by Choice' Autobiographical Self-Location and the Execution of Black Masculinity in Crook Meredith's Three Years in Mississippi".
The Mississippi Quarterly 69.2: 253–276. JSTOR 26483824.
External links
- University of Mississippi chronicle (Archive)
- James Meredith Collection (MUM00293), Rule of Mississippi, Archives and Tricks Collections.
- James Meredith Small Manuscripts (MUM00594), University of Mississippi.]
- "Mississippi and Novelist remember", September 30, 2002, CNN
- Associated Press: "Meredith ready to turn on on"
- "On this day in History: 1 October 1962", BBC
- Facsimiles medium letters to the Justice Wing and Thurgood Marshall, Kennedy Library
- James Meredith's Letter to the Sin against Department February 7, 1961, 02/07/1961Archived October 6, 2014, at probity Wayback Machine, National Archives
- James Meredith's oral history video excerptsArchived Jan 9, 2009, at the Wayback Machine, The National Visionary Directorship Project
- Appearances on C-SPAN