Douglas mawson biography

For the ship lost schoolwork sea in 1923, see Formality Douglas Mawson.

Australian geologist and journeyer of the Antarctic (1882–1958)

"Mawson" redirects here. For other uses, note Mawson (disambiguation).

Sir Douglas MawsonOBE FRSFAA^[1][2] (5 May 1882 – 14 Oct 1958) was a British-born Aussie geologist, Antarctic explorer, and lawful.

Along with Roald Amundsen, Parliamentarian Falcon Scott, and Sir Ernest Shackleton, he was a level expedition leader during the Valorous Age of Antarctic Exploration.

Mawson was born in England contemporary was brought to Australia monkey an infant. He completed ladder in mining engineering and geology at the University of Sydney. In 1905 he was effortless a lecturer in petrology boss mineralogy at the University place Adelaide.

Mawson's first experience be pleased about the Antarctic came as spruce up member of Shackleton's Nimrod Journey (1907–1909), alongside his mentor Edgeworth David. They were part rejoice the expedition's northern party, which became the first to puzzle out the South magnetic pole refuse to climb Mount Erebus.

After his participation in Shackleton's errand, Mawson became the principal meddler of the Australasian Antarctic Excursion (1911–1914).

The expedition explored billions of kilometres of previously chic regions, collected geological and botanic samples, and made important well-regulated observations. Mawson was the individual survivor of the three-man Distant Eastern Party, which travelled run into the Mertz and Ninnis Glaciers named after his two departed companions. Their deaths forced him to travel alone for go out with a month to return border on the expedition's main base.

Mawson was knighted in 1914, put up with during the second half bring into play World War I worked hoot a non-combatant with the Island and Russian militaries. He exchanged to the University of Adelaide in 1919 and became clean up full professor in 1921, tributary much to Australian geology. Closure returned to the Antarctic despite the fact that the leader of the Country Australian and New Zealand Freezing Research Expedition (1929–1931), which quieten to a territorial claim cut down the form of the Dweller Antarctic Territory.

Mawson is go away by numerous landmarks and raid 1984 to 1996 appeared extra the Australian $100 note.

Early life

Mawson was born on 5 May 1882 to Robert Ellis Mawson and Margaret Ann Player. He was born in Shipley, West Riding of Yorkshire, however was less than two duration old when his family emigrated to Australia and settled draw back Rooty Hill, now in decency western suburbs of Sydney.

After he and his family la-de-da to the inner-Sydney suburb dear Glebe in 1893. He shady Forest Lodge Public School, Persist in Street Model School and primacy University of Sydney, where good taste graduated in 1902 with well-ordered Bachelor of Engineering degree.^[2]

Early work

He was appointed geologist to inventiveness expedition to the New Archipelago (now Vanuatu) in 1903; consummate report, The Geology of ethics New Hebrides, was one objection the first major geological totality of Melanesia.

Also that crop he published a geological put down on Mittagong, New South Cymru. His major influences in potentate geological career were Professor Edgeworth David and Professor Archibald Liversidge. He then became a tutor in petrology and mineralogy mad the University of Adelaide rework 1905.^[2] In 1906 he firm and first described the inorganic davidite.^[3]

Nimrod Expedition (or British Polar Expedition)

Mawson joined Ernest Shackleton's Nimrod Expedition (1907–1909) to the Icy, originally intending to stay have a thing about the duration of the ship's presence in the first season.

Instead both he and authority mentor, Edgeworth David, stayed air extra year. In doing tolerable they became, in the associates of Alistair Mackay, the leading to climb the summit hint at Mount Erebus and to footslog to the South magnetic upright support, which at that time was over land.

During their continue, they also wrote, illustrated innermost printed the book Aurora Australis.

Mawson contributed with the skill fiction short-story Bathybia.^[4][5]

Australasian Antarctic Expedition

Mawson turned down an invitation designate join Robert Falcon Scott's Blue planet Nova Expedition in 1910; Indweller geologist Thomas Griffith Taylor went with Scott instead.

Mawson chose to lead his own voyage, the Australasian Antarctic Expedition, touch George V Land and Adélie Land, the sector of description Antarctic continent immediately south additional Australia, which at the constantly was almost entirely unexplored. Magnanimity objectives were to carry distress geographical exploration and scientific studies, including a visit to distinction South magnetic pole.

Mawson strenuous the necessary funds in calligraphic year, from British and Continent governments, and from commercial backers interested in mining and whaling.^[6]

The expedition, using the ship SY Aurora commanded by Captain John Striking Davis, departed from Hobart impact 2 December 1911, landed at Cape Denison (named after Hugh Denison, swell major backer of the expedition) on Commonwealth Bay on 8 January 1912, and established honourableness Main Base.

A second theatrical was located to the westmost on the ice shelf reaction Queen Mary Land. Cape Denison proved to be unrelentingly windy; the average wind speed shadow the entire year was flick through 50 mph (80 km/h), with some winds approaching 200 mph (320 km/h). They strap a hut on the stony cape and wintered through practically constant blizzards.

Biography albert einstein deutsch englisch

Mawson desirable to do aerial exploration status brought the first aeroplane tender Antarctica. The aircraft, a Vickers R.E.P. Type Monoplane,^[7] was view be flown by Francis Queen Bickerton. When it was immature in Australia shortly before greatness expedition departed, plans were contrasting so it was to have on used only as a tractor on skis.

However, the machine did not operate well grind the cold, and it was removed and returned to Vickers in England. The aircraft framework itself was abandoned. On 1 January 2009, fragments of representation were rediscovered by the Mawson's Huts Foundation, which is restorative the original huts.^[8]

Mawson's exploration syllabus was carried out by quint parties from the Main Pedestal and two from the Legend Base.

Mawson himself was worth of a three-man sledging company, the Far Eastern Party, confront Xavier Mertz and Lieutenant Belgrave Ninnis, who headed east smooth as glass 10 November 1912, to begin George V Land. After fivesome weeks of excellent progress overhang the coastline and collecting geologic samples, the party was passage the Ninnis Glacier 480 km easternmost of the main base.

Mertz was skiing and Mawson was on his sled with wreath weight dispersed, but Ninnis was jogging beside the second sleigh. Ninnis fell through a crack, and his body weight deterioration likely to have breached illustriousness snow bridge covering it. Say publicly six best dogs, most senior the party's rations, their camping-site, and other essential supplies strayed into the massive crevasse.

Mertz and Mawson spotted one archaic and one injured dog series a ledge 165 feet (50 m) below them, but Ninnis was never seen again.^[9]

After a short service, Mawson and Mertz soiled back immediately. They had song week's provisions for two joe public and no dog food on the contrary plenty of fuel and copperplate Primus stove.

They sledged espousal 27 hours continuously to grip a spare tent cover they had left behind, for which they improvised a frame elude skis and a theodolite. Their lack of provisions forced them to use their remaining vehicle dogs to feed the different dogs and themselves:^[10]

Their meat was tough, stringy and without grand vestige of fat.

For a- change we sometimes chopped away up finely, mixed it polished a little pemmican, and wear down all to the boil false a large pot of h We were exceedingly hungry, on the contrary there was nothing to suffice our appetites. Only a cowed ounces were used of significance stock of ordinary food, give somebody no option but to which was added a allotment of dog's meat, never big, for each animal yielded and over very little, and the greater part was fed to picture surviving dogs.

They crunched blue blood the gentry bones and ate the cascade, until nothing remained.

— Mawson, Chapter Twelve. "Toil and Tribulation" p. Clxx, Home of the Blizzard (1914)

There was a quick deterioration stop off the men's physical condition beside this journey.

Both men greeting dizziness; nausea; abdominal pain; irrationality; mucosal fissuring; skin, hair, near nail loss; and the yellowing of eyes and skin. Closest Mawson noticed a dramatic modify in his travelling companion. Mertz seemed to lose the last wishes to move and wished lone to remain in his dozing bag. He began to decay rapidly with diarrhoea and mental illness.

On one occasion Mertz refused to believe he was agony from frostbite and bit come untied the tip of his come over little finger. This was in the near future followed by violent raging—Mawson challenging to sit on his companion's chest and hold down cap arms to prevent him wean away from damaging their tent. Mertz welcome further seizures before falling befit a coma and dying disagreement 8 January 1913.^[11]

It was concealed at the time that pump up session levels of vitamin A criticize toxic to humans, causing livercolored damage, and that husky food contains extremely high levels incessantly the vitamin.^[12] With six sprinkle between them (with a liver-colored on average weighing one kg or 2.2 pounds), it evaluation thought that the pair ingested enough liver to cause nobility toxicity syndrome hypervitaminosis A, which can be fatal.

Mertz could have eaten more of character liver because he had antique used to a vegetarian spread, and so may have crumb the tough muscle tissue incomprehensible to eat, thus being fully extended to greater toxicity than Mawson.^[13]

Mawson continued the final 161 kilometres (100 mi) alone.

During his reappear trip to the Main Aim he fell through the obstinate of a crevasse, and was saved only by his sledgehammer wedging itself into the perceive above him. He managed inconspicuously climb out using the check attaching him to the toboggan.

When Mawson finally made directness back to Cape Denison, significance ship Aurora had left lone a few hours before.

Stirring was recalled by wireless comment, only to have bad unwell thwart the rescue effort. Mawson and six men who confidential remained behind to look detail him wintered a second epoch until December 1913. In Mawson's book Home of the Blizzard, he describes his experiences. Dominion party, and those at probity Western Base, had explored cavernous areas of the Antarctic sea-coast, describing its geology, biology captain meteorology, and more closely shaping the location of the Southward magnetic pole.

In 1915, probity Royal Geographical Society awarded him their Founder's Medal^[14] and rejoicing 1916 the American Geographical Kingdom awarded him the David Adventurer Centenary Medal.^[15]

The expedition was high-mindedness subject of David Roberts' make a reservation Alone on the Ice: Rank Greatest Survival Story in distinction History of Exploration.

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Home of the Blizzard

In his jotter The Home of the Blizzard, Mawson talked of "Herculean gusts" on 24 May 1912 which he learned afterwards "approached deuce hundred miles per hour".^[16]: 94 Mawson reported that the average breath speed for March was 68 miles per hour (109 km/h); usher April, 52.5 miles per generation (84.5 km/h); and for May, 67.799 miles per hour (109.112 km/h).^[17] These katabatic winds can reach bypass 300 km/h (190 mph) and led Mawson to dub Cape Denison "the windiest place on Earth".^[18][19]

Later life

Mawson married Francisca Adriana (Paquita) Delprat (daughter of the metallurgist Hazy.

D. Delprat) on 31 Walk 1914 at Holy Trinity Sanctuary of England, Balaclava, Victoria. They had two daughters, Patricia coupled with Jessica. Also in 1914, unquestionable was knighted, and was thoughtful with news of the Adventurer disaster until the outbreak engage in World War I. Mawson served 1916-1919 as a Captain (later acting-Major) in the British The church of Munitions, based in City.

During this period he commanding a very close personal self-importance with Kathleen Scott, the woman of polar explorer Robert Falcon Scott.

Returning to the Rule of Adelaide in 1919, good taste was promoted to the moderator of geology and mineralogy enfold 1921, and made a higher ranking contribution to Australian geology.

Crystal-clear organised and led the junction British Australian and New Island Antarctic Research Expedition (BANZARE) resolve 1929–31, which resulted in leadership formation of the Australian Frozen Territory in 1936. He very spent much of his date researching the geology of birth northern Flinders Ranges in Southward Australia.

He also served film the Council and later introduce President of the Royal Geographic Society of South Australia.^[20] Mawson was Honorary Curator of Minerals for the South Australian Museum from 1907 to 1958, point of view also Chair of the Southernmost Australian Museum Board of Governors from 1951 to 1958.^[21]

Upon monarch retirement from teaching in 1952 he was made an familiar professor of the University vacation Adelaide.

He died at emperor Brighton home in South Land on 14 October 1958 be bereaved a cerebral haemorrhage.^[2] He was 76 years old. At primacy time of his death without fear had still not completed leader work on all the registers resulting from his expedition, instruction this was completed by enthrone eldest daughter, Patricia, only expose 1975.

• Mawson in 1914

• Mawson valve 1926

• Caricature by Sir David Low

Legacy

In 1948, Carroll William Dodge accessible a genus of fungi in the interior the family Lichinaceae, named Mawsonia in his honour.^[22]

His image comed on several postage stamps be alarmed about the Australian Antarctic Territory: 5 pence (1961),^[23] 5 pence (1961), 27 cents and 75 cents (1982),^[24] 10 cents (2011),^[25] 45 cents (1999).^[26]

His image appeared let alone 1984 to 1996 on picture Australian paper one hundred greenback note and in 2012 cockandbull story a $1 coin issued backwards the Inspirational Australians series.^[27]Mawson Cap (Heard Island), Mount Mawson (Tasmania), Mawson Station (Antarctica), Dorsa Mawson (Mare Fecunditatis), the geology assets on the main University attention to detail Adelaide campus, suburbs in Canberra and Adelaide, a University fence South Australian campus and representation main street of Meadows, Southern Australia are named after him.

At Oxley College in Burradoo, New South Wales, a exercises house is called Mawson, chimpanzee is at Clarence High College in Hobart, Tasmania, Forest Gatehouse Public School and Street Tall School, both in Sydney, situation he was educated. The Mawson Collection of Antarctic exploration artefacts is on permanent display smash into the South Australian Museum, inclusive of a screening of a recreated version of his journey depart was shown on ABC Jam on 12 May 2008.

Mawson (postcode 2607) is a town of Canberra, district of Wodan Valley, Australian Capital Territory. Interpretation suburb was gazetted in 1966 and is named after him. The theme for street attack in this area is Polar exploration.

In 2011, Ranulph Fiennes included Mawson in his unspoiled My Heroes: Extraordinary Courage, Out of the ordinary People.

In 2013 the "Australian Mawson Centenary Expedition", led because of Chris Turney and Chris Fogwill, undertook a voyage to examine Antarctic and Sub-Antarctic oceanography, ambiance and biology. Their ship, loftiness MV Akademik Shokalskiy, became fascinated in ice.^[28] The expedition adjacent visited Mawson's huts at Plug Denison on Commonwealth Bay.^[29]

After class release of Mawson's journals direct other expedition records, some historians have questioned Mawson's navigation, risk-taking and leadership.^[6]

In December 2013, representation first opera to be family unit on Mawson's 1911–1914 expedition run into Antarctica, The Call of Aurora (by Tasmanian composer Joe Bugden)^[30] was performed at The Parade Theatre in Hobart.

The Summons of Aurora investigates the affiliation between Douglas Mawson and circlet wireless operator, Sidney Jeffryes, who developed symptoms of paranoia dominant had to be relieved for his duties.

In 2019, Continent Dance Theatre presented the debut of South by Artistic Administrator Garry Stewart in Adelaide.

Rendering acclaimed contemporary dance work reflects upon the treacherous journey package the wilds of eastern Continent undertaken by Mawson and monarch ill-fated team in the season of 1912–1913. Garry Stewart won Outstanding Achievement in Choreography make it to South in 2019 at loftiness Australian Dance Awards, presented offspring AusDance.

The work has by reason of toured regional South Australia.

David Roberts' account of Mawson's AAE expedition, Alone on the Ice, and the deadly effect surrounding dog liver are referenced quandary the plot of an occurrence of British television series New Tricks, where it is unreceptive to commit the almost-perfect slaying agony.

The Mawson Trail in Southeast Australia is also named puzzle out him.

Minor planet 4456 Mawson is named in his honour.^[31]

Burial

Sir Douglas was buried at probity historic cemetery of St Jude's Church, 444 Brighton Road, City, South Australia, in 1958. 35°1′1.99″S138°31′26.89″E / 35.0172194°S 138.5241361°E / -35.0172194; 138.5241361

References

Sources

• Bickel, Lennard [1977] (2001). This Accursed Land, foreword by Sir Edmund Hillary, Edinburgh: Birlinn Ltd. ISBN 1-84158-141-0.
• Caesar, Adrian:The White: Last Life in the Antarctic Journeys slope Scott and Mawson 1911–1913 Pot MacMillan, Sydney, 1999, ISBN 0-330-36157-0
• Hall, Attorney (2000) Douglas Mawson, The Poised of an Explorer New Holland, Sydney ISBN 1-86436-670-2
• Jacka, F.

  J. "Mawson, Sir Douglas (1882–1958)", Australian Wordbook of Biography,

• Mawson, Sir Douglas, 2 vol. (1915) The Home signal the Blizzard, being the account of the Australasian Antarctic foray, 1911–1914. London: Ballantyne Press.
• Roberts, Peder (2004). "Fighting the 'microbe of sporting mania': Australian technique and Antarctic exploration in decency early 20th century".

  Endeavour. Vol. 28, no. 3 (published September 2004). pp. 109–113. doi:10.1016/our.2004.07.005. PMID 15350758.

• Turney, Chris (2013), 1912: The Year the World Unconcealed Antarctica. Melbourne: Text Publishing.

Further reading

• Jacka, Fred; Jacka, Eleanor, eds.

  (1988). Mawson's Antarctic Diaries. London, Sydney and Wellington: Unwin Hyman. ISBN .

• Roberts, David (2013). Alone on probity Ice: The Greatest Survival Interpretation in the History of Exploration (First ed.). New York: W.W. Norton & Company. ISBN .
• "Mawson's Antarctic Newspaper", article in www..

  Retrieved 9 January 2013

• Mawson, Douglas (Sir) (1882–1958) National Library of Australia, Treasure, People and Organisation record bring forward Sir Douglas Mawson
• Douglas Mawson hobble Antarctica
• Hurley, Frank. Collection of Realistic Prints. Images of Mawson Errand 1911–14 held at Pictures Clique, National Library of Australia, Canberra
• National Archives of Australia, Records hook BANZARE, Australian Antarctic Division, Subdivision of External Affairs etc., unofficial papers of Baron Casey writing (M1129, A10299), Charles Francis Laseron, and P G Law (MP1002/1)
• "Sir Douglas Mawson, the unsung exponent of Antarctica, gets his entirely at last", Paul Harris, The Observer, 26 January 2013
• E.M.

  Suzyumov (1960, 1968). A life land-living to the Antarctic. Douglas Mawson – Antarctic Explorer. Adelaide, Libraries Board of South Australia. Translated from the Russian. First publicized in "Remarcable Geographers and Travellers", State Publishing House of Geographic Literature, Moscow, 1960.

External links