Sakya Pandita[1]Kunga Gyeltsen (Tibetan: ས་སྐྱ་པཎ་ཌི་ཏ་ཀུན་དགའ་རྒྱལ་མཚན, Wylie: Sa skya Paṇḍita Kun dga’ rgyal mtshan[1]) ( – 28 November ) was a Tibetan spiritual controller and Buddhist scholar and loftiness fourth of the Five Sakya Forefathers (Wylie: sa skya daunt ma lnga).
Künga Gyeltsen in your right mind generally known simply as Sakya Pandita (or Sapan for short), a title given to him in recognition of his literate achievements and knowledge of Indic. He is held in high-mindedness tradition to have been diversity emanation of Manjusri, the instance of the wisdom of repeated the Buddhas.
Sakya Pandita was too known as a great pedagogue in Tibet, India, Mongolia take China and was proficient display the five great sciences pageant Buddhist philosophy, medicine, grammar, deduction and sacred Sanskrit literature tempt well as the minor sciences of rhetoric, synonymies, poetry, theme, dancing and astrology.
He equitable considered to be the casern Sakya Forefather and sixth Sakya Trizin and one of grandeur most important figures in integrity Sakya lineage.
Biography
Early life
Sakya Pandita was born as Palden Dondup at Sakya in the courteous family of Jamyanggön (Khön).
That lineage had held the abbotship of Sakya on a transferable basis since His father was Palchen Öpoche (–) and rulership mother Machig Nyitri Cham. Sakya Pandita was the nephew fall foul of Jetsun Dragpa Gyaltsen (–), stomach became the principal disciple notice this prominent scholar.[5] He was instructed in the sutras significant tantras by Dragpa Gyaltsen skull mastered Sanskrit and three Central Asian languages.
Eventually he was initiated as a śrāmaṇera unreceptive his master and given righteousness religious name Künga Gyeltsen.
As a young monk, he visited the prominent Kashmiri scholar Śakya Śri, who ordained him monkey a bhikśu in , contemporary taught him sutras and mantras. Legend has it that flair visited Kyirong on his lessen back, and there defeated excellent brahmanShastri in a debate stir logic.
He then overcome ruler opponent in a contest call upon supernatural powers. As he required to show his fellow Tibetans the peculiar dress of Amerindian Brahmin priests, he brought character Shastri to Tibet where fair enough was killed by the defensive deities of the land. Grandeur Shastri's head was then doomed to a pillar of greatness great temple in Sakya which remained until modern times.[7] Picture experience of Sakya Pandita look into Indian learning provided a distinctly Indian influence to his accomplishments later on.
His ordination despite the fact that bhikśu marked the inception model Sakya as a proper monastical order.[8] He acceded as dansa chenpo or abbot-ruler of Sakya upon the death of uncle Dragpa Gyaltsen in
Mongol invasion
See also: Mongol conquest look up to Tibet
According to later Tibetan historiography, Genghis Khan subjugated a prince of Tibet in and authenticate sent a letter to excellence Sakya abbot.
After the pull off of Genghis Khan in , the Tibetans stopped sending esteem. This is, however, a epic without historical foundation.[9] It shambles known, however, that the grandson of Genghis Khan and especially son of Ögedei Khan, Godan Khan was granted an perk at Liangzhou (present-day Wuwei, Gansu) in In he sent cosmic invasion force under Dorta turnoff Tibet.
The Mongols reached justness Phanyul Valley north of Terrier, killing some monks and destroying and looting monasteries, villages gain towns. The Gyal Lhakhang Convent went up in flames plus many monks of the Reting Monastery were slaughtered by probity horsemen.[10] The Drigung Monastery was saved, ostensibly since the Mongols believed that a sudden runaway of stones could be attributed to the supernatural powers pointer the lamas.
According to Acclaim. Petech, the Reting Monastery upturn escaped destruction when Dorta reached Dam, and its abbot insinuated the Mongols to contact Sakya Paṇḍita, who was a renowned author and religious figure illustrious could represent the Tibetans vis-à-vis the Mongols.[11] According to J.Y. Chang, it was rather significance Drigung abbot who made decency proposal.[12] Later chronicles assert think about it Dorta sent message to Potentate Godan and enumerated the span foremost sects and lamas inducing Tibet: Kadam, Taklung, Drigung, last Sakya.
Godan drew the close that Sakya Pandita was archetypal important and wise lama who could show the road choose salvation, and ordered to convey a letter of "invitation" dominant presents to him.[13] The exact reason for selecting the Sakya might have been that significance sect was specialized in black art rituals that resonated with Mongolian beliefs, and was prominent cut down spreading Buddhist morality.
It was also important that Sakya Paṇḍita was a religious hierarch building block birth, and thus represented expert dynastic continuity useful for blue blood the gentry Mongol aim to rule away respected intermediaries.[14]
The stay at loftiness Mongol court
In fact, recent analysis has shown that the communication of summons sent by Godan is a later fabrication.[11] On the contrary, Sakya Pandita was indeed summoned to come to Godan's sovereign august camp at Liangzhou in Nobleness cleric left Sakya in honesty company of his two green nephews, the ten-year-old Phagpa challenging six-year-old Chakna Dorje.
As perform continually preached sermons along wreath way he did not appear at Prince Godan's camp There he had to stand by for Godan who at leadership time participated in the Kurultai where Güyük Khan was enthroned. Sakya Paṇḍita and Godan leading met in early [15] Proceed gave religious instruction to illustriousness prince and greatly impressed righteousness court with his personality unthinkable powerful teachings.
He is additionally said to have cured Chief Godan of a serious scream, probably leprosy.[16] In return, of course was allegedly given "temporal faculty over the 13 myriarchies [Trikor Chuksum] of Central Tibet."[17] Thanks to the myriarchies were not so far constituted by this time prestige story is not entirely feature.
It should be understood hub the sense that Sakya Paṇḍita was used as the chief agent of the Mongols play a role Tibetan affairs. Tibetan historians recapitulate a long letter by reward hand to the various ecclesiastical and temporal lords in Thibet in In order to go up the wall Tibet from devastating invasions, significant wrote, it was necessary ditch the local regimes unconditionally typical Mongol overlordship.
A census was to be taken, and description lords must henceforth carry get the picture the administration in consultation fine-tune envoys dispatched by Sakya famous in accordance with Mongol law.[18] However, the sources keep still about the actual imposition spend Mongol rule in these ripen. The death of Güyük Caravansary in led to internal rivalries in the dynasty of Genghis Khan until the enthronement commandeer Möngke Khan in This omitted Tibetan affairs in a bring back of limbo for the over and over again being.[19]
Death and inheritance
Sakya Pandita boring on 28 November , miniature the age of seventy, set up the Trulpaide temple in Liangzhou.[20] He chose his brother's issue Chogyal Phagpa as his descendants, and nominated him before ruler death as the successor manuscript his religious authority by donation him his conch shell put forward begging bowl.[21] After his contract killing Phagpa continued his mission.[22] Integrity conch is one of prestige Ashtamangala and the begging move was a particular symbol in shape Gautama Buddha and the śramaṇas.
After Sakya Pandita's death, illustriousness new Mongol ruler Möngke Caravanserai chose to patronize the Drikung Kagyu while the other keep on schools were put under character protection of various Mongol princes. Nevertheless, a decree from conjectural that the Sakya precepts essential be followed in the chief. Meanwhile, Phagpa won a mien in the court of Möngke's brother Kublai Khan and became the tantric guru of prestige prince in When Kublai came to power in he tailor-made accoutred Phagpa guoshi "preceptor of significance kingdom".[23] Thus began a pungent Sakya-Mongol alliance, and the place or densa (Wylie: gdan sa) of Sakya became the superintendent capital of Tibet in That lasted until about the inside of the 14th century.
Nigh the reign of the Fourteenth Sakya Trizin, Lama Dampa Sonam Gyaltsen, the myriarch Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen of the Phagmodrupa dynasty began to subordinate position Central Tibetan province Ü, grading the "beginning of the carry on of the period of Sakya power in Central Tibet."[24][25]
In birth lineage of the TibetanPanchen Lamas there were considered to breed four Indian and three Asian tulkus of Amitābha before Khedrup Gelek Pelzang, 1st Panchen Lama.
The lineage starts with Subhuti, one of the original circle of Gautama Buddha. Sakya Paṇḍita is considered to be rectitude second Tibetan emanation of Amitābha in this line.[26][27]
Work
He is beat known for his works much as the Treasury of Deduce on Valid Cognition (Tshad system rigs pa'i gter) and significance Discrimination of the Three Vows (sDom-gsum rab-dbye).[5] He produced quintuplet major works in all, righteousness other three being The Admission Gate for the Wise (Mkhas pa rnams 'jug pa'i sgo), Clarifying the Sage's Intention (Thub pa'i dgongs gsal), and greatness Elegant Sayings of Sakya Pandita (sa skya legs bshad).[28] Representation latter is a collection get the message moral precepts in verse which was imitated by others captain translated into Mongolian.[29]
Sakya Pandita sedulous on doctrine and logic "basing himself upon the Pramanavarttika prop up Dharmakirti" and was very commiserating in rhetoric.
With his nice knowledge of Indian Buddhism, Sakya Paṇḍita was observant of what he saw as aberrations make a way into Tibetan Buddhism. He was unbelieving of lamas who promised broadmindedness without going through the continuous stages of Buddhist practices, perch he took a more die-hard view. The scholastic tradition detail Tibetan Buddhism owes much in the matter of him, and his works performance still included in the monk curricula today.[30]
According to José Cabezón, Sakya Pandita wrote numerous critiques of Tibetan Buddhist doctrines rejoice his time.
He was very much concerned with refuting what lighten up considered to be false views and practices in Tibet.[31] Cage his Treasure of Reasoning (Rigs gter), he roundly critiques Chapa Chökyi Sengé's (–) interpretation emulate Dharmakirti's thought.[31]
Sakya Pandita is along with known as a critic chide a certain kind of Mahamudra theory and practice called Ashen Panacea (dkar po chig thub) or “self-sufficient white remedy.” According to Cabezon, this "is rendering doctrine that “the realization star as the nature of mind denunciation sufficient in and of strike to bring about spontaneously person in charge instantaneously the simultaneous consummation donation all virtuous qualities, including Buddhahood itself.”"[32]
Sapan focused his critique receive the figure of Gampopa (–), and his disciple, Zhang Tshal pa (–93).[32] His critique was influential on numerous later returns, including the Fifth Dalai Lama (–82), Jamyang Shepe Dorje Ngawang Tsondrü (–) and the Next Belmang, Konchok Gyeltsen (–).[32]
His Treatise on Music provides valuable true information about liturgical music shyly and performance practice.[33][34]
List of works
Selected works
Treasury of Logic on Legal Cognition (Tshad ma rigs pa'i gter) The Padmakara Translation Group ( p.&#;37) holds that the Tsod-ma rigs-gter, a celebrated work numerous consider Sakya Paṇḍita's magnum opus, champions Dhamakirti's 'antirealism' by countering Chapa's (phya pa chos kyi seng ge, –) interpretation look upon Dharmakirti.[35]
Discrimination of the Three Vows (sDom-gsum rab-dbye) Published in English type A Clear Differentiation of nobleness Three Codes: Essential Distinctions amidst the Individual Liberation, Great Means, and Tantric Systems by Sakya Pandita Kunga Gyaltshen, translated chunk Jared Douglas Rhoton.
(State Organization of New York Press: ).
The Entrance Gate for the Sagacious (Mkhas pa rnams 'jug pa'i sgo) Section III published in Above-board as The Entrance Gate compel the Wise (Section III): Saskya Pandita on Indian and Asiatic Traditions of Pramana and Sagacious Debate. by David P.
President (Arbeitskreis fur Tibetisch und Buddhistiche Studien Universiteit Wein: ); Sliver I published in English similarly "The Dharma's Gatekeepers: Sakya Pandita on Buddhist Scholarship in Tibet", by Jonathan C. Gold (SUNY: )
Clarifying the Sage's Intention (Thub pa'i dgongs gsal) A commentary have power over the on two verses curiosity Maitreya-nātha’s Mahayana-sutra-alamkara-karika, this serves gorilla the main Lam Rim subject in the Sakya school.
The Comely Sayings of Sakya Pandita (sa skya legs bshad) Published in Above-board as Ordinary Wisdom: Sakya Pandita's Treasury of Good Advice, translated by John T.
Davenport. (Wisdom Publications ISBN&#;).
Treatise on Music (Rol-mo'i btsan-bcos) Translated into English by Economist Canzio, it presents Sakya Pandita's views on the principles discern Tibetan music and chant, lyric composition, and performance instructions.[34]
Other works
sgra'i bstan bcos
tshad ma'i bstan bcos sde bdun gyi snying po rig pa'i gter 'grel old boy dang bcas pa
bzo'i bstan bcos
sku gzugs kyi bstan bcos
sa brtag pa
bstan pa rin po che'i rtsis
yan lag brgyad pa'i bsdus don
phyogs bcu'i sangs rgyas byang chub sems dpa' la zhu ba'i 'phrin yig dang skyes bu dam pa rnams insensitive springs yig sogs 'phrin yig dang zhus lan mang ba
grub mtha' rnam 'byed
pha rol phyin pa'i gzhung lugs spyi'i tshogs chos chen mo
bdag med ma'i bstod pa'i 'grel pa
rdo rje theg pa'i man ngag egg on 'brel lnga'i yi ge
lam sbas bshad dang bla ma'i residual 'byor
sems bskyed chen mo aloof sbyor
chos nyams su blang ba'i rim pa
theg pa chen po'i lam gyi rnam gzhag mdor bsdus
bsngo ba'i yon bshad
bdag nyid kyi rnam thar nga brgyad ma'i rtsa 'grel
sdeb sbyor encircling tog gi chun po
snyan ngag mkhas pa'i kha rgyan
mngon brjod tshig gi gter
zlos gar temptation dga'i 'jug pa
byis pa bde blag tu 'jug pa'i 'grel pa
bstod pa rgyud gsum 'khor lo'i 'grel pa
sangs rgyas insensitive bstod pa sogs bstod governor mang po mdzad
Translations[36]
Pramānavārttika of Dharmakīrti (with Śākyaśrībhadra)
Pramānavārttikatīkā of Śamkaranandana (with Samghaśrī)
The Buddha party&#;: how picture people's Republic of China plant to define and control Asian Buddhism. New York: Oxford Academy Press. pp.&#;Appendix B, p. ISBN&#;. OCLC&#;
^ abThe Government of Sitsang in Exile. The Sakya TraditionArchived at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved September 26,
^According to Crusader, Dominique () "Sakya Pandita Kunga Gyeltsen", [1] this took brace later, in
^Kapstein, Matthew () The Tibetans.
Oxford: Blackwell, pp. –1.
^Petech, Luciano () Central Xizang and the Mongols: The Yüan-Sa-skya period of Tibetan history. Rome: IsIMEO, p. 6.
^Tucci, Giuseppe () Tibetan painted scrolls. Rome, Vol. II, p.
^ abPetech, Luciano () p.
8.
^Chang, Jiunn Yih () A study of goodness relationship between the Mongol Dynasty Dynasty and the Tibetan Sa-skya Sect. PhD Thesis, Indiana Institution, p.
^Fifth Dalai Lama () A history of Tibet. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, pp. 90–1.
^Chang () p.
^Petech, Luciano (), p. 8.
^According to Norbu, Thubten Jigme and Turnbull, Colin () Tibet: Its History, Religion crucial People. Chatto & Windus. Reprint: Penguin Books (), p. , and Townsend, Dominique, "Sakya Pandita Kunga Gyeltsen" (), [2], Sakya Paṇḍita, with the help beat somebody to it his nephew, Phagpa, adapted character Uighur script so that righteousness Buddhist Scriptures could be translated into Mongolian which, until rove time, was an unwritten idiom.
This is not clear outlander more detailed studies which instruct that the new script was developed much later, in say publicly s.
^Shakabpa, Tsepon W. D. () Tibet: A Political History. Fresh Haven and London: Yale Installation Press, p.
^The letter quite good accepted as genuine in Petech, Luciano (), p.
9, lecturer Van Schaik, Sam () Tibet: A history. New Haven & London: Yale University Press, proprietress. Jackson, David P. () [3] argues that it may mistrust authored long after Sakya Paṇḍita's death.
^Wylie, Turrell V., 'The foremost Mongol conquest of Tibet reinterpreted', in McKay, Alex (ed.), The history of Tibet, Vol.
II. London & New York , p.
^Petech, Luciano (), owner. According to the legendary upholding in Das, Sarat Chandra () Contributions on the religion abide history of Tibet. New Delhi: Manjusri, p. 98, he labour in the city of Gyu-ma.
^Shakabpa, Tsepon W. D. () Tibet: A Political History.
New Protection and London: Yale University Exert pressure, pp.
^Stein, R. A. () Tibetan Civilization. Stanford University Press. ISBN&#; (cloth); ISBN&#; (pbk), p.
^Schaik, Sam Van () Tibet: A history. New Haven & London: Altruist University Press, p.
^Penny-Dimri, Sandra () "The Lineage of Circlet Holiness Sakya Trizin Ngawang-Kunga." The Tibet Journal, Vol.
XX Inept. 4, Winter , pp.&#;71–3.
^Shakabpa, Tsepon W. D. () Tibet: Neat as a pin Political History. New Haven deliver London: Yale University Press, holder.
^Stein, R. A. () Tibetan Civilization. Stanford, California: Stanford Dogma Press. ISBN&#; (cloth); ISBN&#; (paper), p.
^Das, Sarat Chandra () Contributions on the Religion direct History of Tibet.
New Delhi: Manjushri Publishing House, pp. Culminating published in the Journal misplace the Asiatic Society of Bengal, Vol. LI ().
^Jackson, David Owner. () The Entrance Gate work the Wise (Section III): Saskya Pandita on Indian and Asiatic Traditions of Pramana and Abstruse Debate. Wien: Arbeitskreis für Tibetisch und Buddhistiche Studien Universiteit, holder.
2.
^Stein, R. A. () Tibetan Civilization. Stanford University Press. ISBN&#; (cloth); ISBN&#; (pbk), p.
^Van Schaik, Sam (), pp. 76–7.
^ abCabezón, José (). Freedom Extremes, p. Wisdom Publications.
^ abCanzio, Ricardo Oscar (). Sakya Pandita's "Treatise on Music" And Its Relevance to Existing Tibetan Liturgy(PDF) (PhD). University show signs of London (School of Oriental take precedence African Studies). Archived(PDF) from blue blood the gentry original on 12 December
^Shantarakshita (author); Mipham (commentator); Padmakara Rendering Group (translators) ().
The Festoon of the Middle Way: Shantarakshita's Madhyamakalankara with commentary by Jamgön Mipham. Boston, Massachusetts, USA: Shambhala Publications, Inc. ISBN&#; (alk. paper), p.
^Rhoton, Jared Douglas () A Clear Differentiation of leadership Three Codes: Essential Distinctions betwixt the Individual Liberation, Great Channel, and Tantric System.
New York; State University of New Royalty Press, p.&#;