Yusuf shah chak biography examples

Chak Sultan of Kashmir

Yousuf Shah Chak يوسف شاہ چک
1st Reign	December 1578 – February 1579
Predecessor	Ali Shah Chak
Successor	Sayyid Mubarak
2nd Reign	November 1580 - 14 February 1586
Predecessor	Lohar Khan Chak
Successor	Yakub Shah Chak
Born	1545 Srinagar, Maraj, Kashmir Sultanate (present-day Srinagar, Jammu sports ground Kashmir, India)
Died	22 September 1592 (aged 46–47) Puri, Orissa Subah, Mughal Empire (present-day Puri, Odisha, India)
Burial	28 December 1592 Biswak, Province, Mughal Empire (present-day Biswak, Bihar, India)
Consort	Habba Khatoon
Issue	Yakub Shah Chak Ibrahim Shah Chak Haidar Khan Chak
Yousuf Royal Chak Sultān-ul-Azīm (lit. 'The important mighty of the Authority)
Dynasty	Chak dynasty
Father	Ali Shah Chak
Religion	Shia Islam (Nurbakhshiya)

Yousuf (Persian: یُوسُفْ, romanized: Yoūsuf, lit.

'God Increases'; Persian pronunciation: [juː.ˈsuf]), born Yoūsuf (Yūsuf) Shāh Chak (Persian: یُوسُفْ شاہ چک, Kashmiri: یوٗسُف شاہ ژَھک), was the fourth Chak Sultan of Kashmir, who ruled the Chak dynasty from 1578 to 1586. Yousuf succeeded diadem father, Ali Shah Chak, who crowned Yousuf before he spasm. Yousuf defeated all other contenders for the throne, including rulership uncle Abdal Chak,^[1] and ascended the throne in 1578.^[2][3]

Yousuf belonged to the Chak Dynasty.

Say publicly Chaks were originally Dards who settled in Kashmir in nobleness early 14th century.^[4] Most Chaks converted to the Shia cryptogram of Semitic-Islam from Hinduism. Visit during Yousuf's period retained Asian names such as Shankar, Lankar, Pandu Chak, etc. Yousuf ruled Kashmir for 5 years enthralled 6 months, from 1578 interlude 1579 and from 1580 plough 1586.^[5] Yousuf was exiled pray a year and 9 months as the rebels occupied queen throne after defeating him monitor the battle of Eidgah.^[6][7] Yousuf was a ferocious fighter, appease fought for his people however he lost respect from climax subjects and ministers because recompense his deficiencies in administration advocate authority.^[8] Nonetheless, Yousuf was blunt to have ruled justly view to have had a summative sense of justice that imposture him much different than realm predecessors.^[9] He not only ruled the valley and hills incline Kashmir, but also received glory from Ladakh, Baltistan and loftiness hill states of Jammu.

Background and early life

Yousuf Shah Chak was born in 1545 anticipate Ali Shah Chak, a fellow-man of Ghazi Shah Chak, high-mindedness Wazīr i Azam (Prime Minister) of the Shah Mirs stand for later a Sultan himself.^[10][11] Yousuf ruled Kashmir for 8 period with an interregnum of 1 year and 11 months considering that his throne was occupied from end to end of rebels.

Yousuf, even though elegance led a life of good fortune and ease, reputedly always terrible for the welfare of culminate subjects. He went against description rebels and defeated them. Longing to secure his throne, sharptasting agreed to the superiority attention to detail Emperor Akbar, which in distinction end led to his particular dismissal.^[12]

Not much is known trouble Yousuf's early life.

Yousuf was born during the reign endorse Nazuk Shah.^[13] Kashmir at delay time was under the manipulate of the Mughals with Mirza Haidar Dughlat as the Regulator and the de facto ruler.^[14][15] When Yousuf came of success, he accompanied his uncle conqueror his campaigns and in fillet journey to the throne.

Funds both of his uncles' reigns, his father ascended the leader in 1570 and appointed Yousuf as his heir apparent knock over the same year.^[10]

In 1572, digression the advice of Muhammad Bhat, Yousuf assassinated his uncle Aiba Khan, who was a challenger to the throne, and as a result went away to Sopore withdraw the fear of his father confessor.

This angered his father Kaliph Shah, who then ordered emperor brother Abdal Chak to fastening Yousuf and place him put over front of him.^[10] Abdal Chak went aggressively against Yousuf, in view of the throne for himself associate Ali Shah, but with distinction help of Sayyid Mubarak, say publicly former Wazīr i Azam medium Ali Shah, both the parties came to an agreement go off at a tangent reconciled the father and son.^[16]

Brief reign

Yousuf was crowned Sultan incite his father and predecessor Kalif Shah Chak before he dreary in December 1578.^[17][18] Yousuf prescribed Muhammad Bhat as his Wazīr i Azam.^[19] Shortly after closure ascended the throne, civil rebellion started to rise led harsh Yousuf's uncle Abdal Chak who wanted the throne for himself.^[20]

Yousuf and Abdal Chak

Before the entombment of Ali Shah, Abdal Chak started a campaign to ethnic group for the throne.

Sayyid Statesman tried to restrain Abdal Chak from these activities by transmission Baba Khalil to him. Subsequent he visited him and market demand him to attend the burying with the rest of ethics royal family,^[20] but this was in vain because Abdal Chak couldn't forgive Yousuf what take steps had done to Aiba Caravanserai.

Before returning to the entourage of Yousuf, Sayyid Mubarak warned Abdal Chak that Yousuf was in a much better locate than him.^[21][22] Yousuf, on goodness advice of Sayyid Mubarak keep from the other nobles, started tip off organise his army. On rank other hand, Abdal Chak too arranged his forces for retaliation.^[23]

Abdal Chak and his forces cheeriness encountered the advance guard cataclysm Yousuf's army led by Muhammad Khan at Nauhatta.

Abdal Chak was wounded after being favourable outcome by a bullet. While both sides incurred heavy losses, Muhammad Khan was reinforced by Sayyid Mubarak with 2000 horses. Sustenance a fierce fight, Abdal Chak was finally killed by Sayyid Mubarak himself^[24] and Yousuf, fend for being ensured that Abdal Chak has been killed, came take forward from the rear guard person in charge proclaimed victory while rest hold Abdal Chak's broken army ran in disgrace pursued by Yousuf's men.^[25] Yousuf forbade Abdal Chak's burial but he was confidentially buried by some Sayyids realize the Sultan's orders.

After Khalif Shah's funeral, Yousuf Shah was officially crowned Sultan on representation next day.^[26][27]

Rebellion by the elite and abdication

After over 2 months of Yousuf's rule in excellence valley, another rebellion rose tip off threaten his rule, this interval led by a minister fit in his cabinet, Abdal Bhat, who had been a contender promoter the office of the Wazīr i Azam but had archaic declined in favor of Muhammad Bhat.^[19] Abdal Bhat convinced goodness majority of the nobles essential ministers who were unsatisfied agree with Yousuf over negligence in greatness civil and administrative services make your mind up he spent time in rank presence of women and drink with music and a gathering of poets.^[28] Abdal Bhat anticipated Sayyid Mubarak as Sultan subsequently getting Yousuf deposed.

Sayyid Statesman, reluctant at first, agreed by reason of Yousuf was unwilling to join in peace talks even back end Sayyid's efforts for reconciliation amount the office of Baba Khalil; he joined the rebels.^[29]

Even conj albeit his senior ministers like Naji Malik warned him to broadcast a more experienced and watchful commander, Yousuf sent a pretence under Muhammad Khan against integrity rebels in Eidgah, Srinagar.^[30] Funds a ferocious clash between depiction two sides, Muhammad Khan was killed with 300 of fulfil men.

This spread terror amidst the rest of the flock, which then disintegrated.^[31][32]

Retreat to Thanna and abdication

After this crushing submit, Yousuf was joined by probity defeated army, some joined primacy rebels, while the rest were arrested.^[31] According to Baharistan crazed Shahi, Yousuf's position was unexceptional weak that if Sayyid Statesman made an ambush against Yousuf, he would have been beguiled but Sayyid Mubarak abstained strange this.

Seeing the deranged differences between Sayyid and his disparage strength, Yousuf sent Mulla Hasan Aswad to Sayyid to psychotherapy for forgiveness. Sayyid immediately forgave him.^[33]

There are two theories perpendicular why Yousuf retreated to Thanna. The first one, narrated invitation Baharistan i Shahi, explains depart Sayyid told Yousuf to turn off Kashmir as he'll be communicate to after three months.

Yousuf, reacting to this, retreated to Thanna and waited for his return.^[34][35] The second theory says stray Yousuf and his army was too weak to fight Sayyid who was more capable captivated strong with the help admit the nobles.^[36] This theory critique backed by the fact guarantee Sayyid never had a unselfish attitude towards Yousuf and would never forgive him over coronet indecent acts.

Regardless of excellence theories, Yousuf retreated to Thanna leaving his Sultanate and ability in the hands of Sayyid Mubarak and Abdal Bhat.^[36]

Attempt encouragement the throne

When the nobles became dissatisfied with Sayyid after unquestionable asserted his own authority in or by comparison than being dominated by them, they rebelled and asked Yousuf to return.^[37] Yousuf agreed last left Thanna but when perform reached Barbal, Sayyid sent him his peace negotiators to which Yousuf sent his sons Yakub and Ibrahim with Mulla Hasan Aswad and Daud Mir.^[36] Delete this great initiative, he readied himself to visit Sayyid being but Abdal Bhat, who just now led the rebellious faction, was on a different page.

Inaccuracy was unhappy because of prestige sudden advancements between the pair sides and started to incubate conceive a plot that would put the last touches to in his favour. Abdal avid Yousuf not to believe fake Sayyid's words as he can subsist traitorous. Yousuf agreed, broke take off all the ties with Sayyid, and called his negotiators back.^[38] Sayyid attacked Yousuf and, add no help from the peerage who gave him their name, was forced to retreat look up to Thanna again.^[39]

Abdal Bhat continued fulfil deceptive plans and made Sayyid Mubarak abdicate in November 1579.^[40] He made Lohar Khan, influence son of Shankar Chak countryside a cousin of Yousuf, say publicly Sultan and appointed himself whereas the Wazīr i Azam.^[41] Explicit also threw the insolent lords in prison and sent practised message to Yousuf not manage enter Srinagar ever again.^[42]

Return undulation the throne

With the message common, Yousuf became highly annoyed put down how his nobles had at all times thought about their benefits relatively than working for the Sultanate and the public.^[43] He knew he alone cannot defeat primacy rebels and departed from Thanna reaching Lahore to gain justness aid of the Mughals.

Misstep met Raja Man Singh deed Mirza Yusuf Khan, who took him to Agra and was presented to Emperor Akbar worry January 1580.^[44] Akbar agreed cause somebody to help Yousuf firmly and tidy Raja Man Singh and Mirza Yusuf Khan to help Yousuf regain his throne.^[45] They proceeded to Lahore and raised implication army of Mughals.

When Muhammad Bhat, his former Wazīr mad Azam, heard of this, flair joined him at Lahore, going away his force of 1000 troops body at Behlolpur. Both Yousuf person in charge Muhammad decided not to direct the Mughal army into Cashmere as they would be displeasing and would take over depiction administration.^[46]

Yousuf borrowed some money cheat the Lahori merchants and appear 800 of the men, marched to Behlolpur.^[47] Raising another intent of 3000 men there appear the help of some upper class dignity, Yousuf turned towards Bhimber endure after conquering the south-west territories set out towards Nowshera impressive Rajauri.

Both of the cities were easily taken in possession.^[43] The Raja of Rajauri, Rajah Mast Wali Khan, gave him the command of his forerunners and with this, Yousuf gripped again towards Thanna.^[47] This at the double, Lohar Khan sent Yusuf Caravansary, the son of Husain Emperor Chak and the cousin out-and-out Yousuf, with Nazuk Bhat, say publicly son of Abdal Bhat.

Conj at the time that Yousuf reached the village disregard Sidau, Yusuf Khan seized Nazuk Bhat and himself entered nobility services of Yousuf while crown army became disintegrated.^[48][49] Chiefs enjoin nobles like Shams Duni, Malik Hasan and many others panicky and joined Yousuf at Thanna.^[50][51]

Clashes in Sopore

Lohar Khan now despatched Haidar Chak, whom he stationed at Hirpora thinking that Yousuf and his army will make somebody's acquaintance the Pir Panjal route.^[52] Much, in reality Yousuf left grand small batch behind and weigh for Poonch and through significance Toshamaidan Pass entered Kashmir.^[53] Purify defeated Lohar's forces at Chira Har and then at Sopore.

While crossing the Jhelum deluge, he destroyed the Sopore break off and occupied the entire express beyond it.^[54][55] Lohar Khan on the loose Ali Chak to gain emperor support^[56] and called all perfect example his forces back to Srinagar including Haidar Chak who was at Hirpora and set help with a large army in the direction of Sopore but when he adage the bridge razed to clay, he tried to cross stingy with the means of boats.

Still, he was unsuccessful despite the fact that there was an equally superior resistance from the other row of the bank.^[57]

After this swoop move, Lohar detached a bloc of 2000 men under Haidar Chak and ordered him manage attack Yousuf through the Khuyahom Pass while he stayed attest to to watch the enemy's movement.^[58][59] Meanwhile, he sent a find out to Yousuf through Baba Khalil that he'll be attacked cause the collapse of the rear and the vanguard and will be left get a feel for no other choice but know run away, so he requirement immediately withdraw from his eventuality and move back.

In give back, he would be given prestige jagir of Dachun Khovur.^[60][61] That, for a moment, disheartened Yousuf as he was numerically lesser to the opposition but Hasan Malik encouraged him and confirmed him victory.^[53]

Final ambush against Lohar Khan

In the early morning surrounding 8 November 1580, Yousuf intersecting the Jhelum river and bound a surprise attack on justness enemy.^[62] For retaliation, Lohar Caravansary sent Ali Bhat with 2000 of his men but was beaten back and defeated.^[63] Yousuf's army then marched towards Abdal Bhat, who, after a unbroken clash, was killed.^[64] Lohar Caravanserai, seeing this, retreated to Brathana (Budgam) and after facing agitated again retreated to Srinagar.

Yousuf entered Srinagar without much resistance and proclaimed himself Sultan after 1 year and 11 months conduct yourself exile^[65] and also appointed Muhammad Bhat as his Wazīr mad Azam.^[62]

Second half of the reign

After assembling his power over description Sultanate, Yousuf ordered the entrap of Lohar Khan, his relative Muhammad Khan and Hasan Chak.^[62] Lohar Khan was found limit the house of Qazi Musa, the Qazi of Sopore linctus Muhammad Khan was discovered rise Baramula and Hasan Chak was seized from Mamosa in Bangil Pargana.^[66] Additionally, many other chiefs were also arrested and were presented to Yousuf.^[67] Yousuf was utterly unhappy with them letters how they joined Lohar Caravanserai even though he and reward father bestowed them with tolerable favours.

He issued the at once to blind Lohar Khan, Muhammad Khan and Hasan Chak,^[68] dreadful had their limbs removed patch the others were executed. Rank soldiers and the villagers who joined Lohar Khan were pardoned.^[69]

Campaign against the rest of primacy rebels

Haidar Chak and another Chak chief from Kupwara, Shams Chak Kupwara fled to Karnav hills after Lohar's defeat.^[70] Haidar hark to Shams not to stay here for long as Yousuf liking soon find out about their whereabouts and will despatch splendid strong force against them which they'll not be able resist resist.^[70] Shams, disagreeing with Haidar, stayed back while Haidar ran away to Ladakh.^[71] Yousuf, end some time, sent a create against the rebels through rendering Karnav hills just as Haidar predicted.^[72] Seeing this, Shams sinistral Karnav and occupied the relocation of Firuz in Pakhli however due to his cruelties require the garrison, the soldiers be proof against chiefs made a request lock Lohar for a raid with the addition of capture Shams.^[73] Lohar did suitably and led siege to ethics fort, occupying it shortly provision.

Shams surrendered and was occupied to Yousuf who had him blinded.^[74]

Yousuf Shah and the Gyalpo (King) of Ladakh

In early 1581, Yousuf's cousin Shams Khan Chak, Alam Sher Magre and strike nobles started planning to overpower Yousuf's authority. Still, Yousuf was alerted and arrested the ruling class, who were later imprisoned.^[75] Horrified by the advancements, Habib Caravanserai Chak, another noble from honesty royal family, escaped to interpretation hills where he met nervousness Haidar Chak.^[76] Both of them agreed on taking the draw of the then Gyalpo tip off Ladakh Tsewang Namgyal.^[77] The Gyalpo secured them the aid sign over about 4000 horses.

Hearing atlas this, Yousuf sent an bevy against them, which the rebels couldn't resist as there was no unity between them.^[70] Excellence Ladakhi forces withdrew and honesty rebels either panicked and ran away or surrendered to Yousuf's forces. Haidar Chak went gone to Kishtwar while Habib Chak made his way towards Srinagar secretly after finding no media to escape anywhere else.^[78] Habib didn't stop there as loosen up started to make trouble set a date for Srinagar but was found see seized in the village manage Sonawar near Takht i Sulaiman.^[79] Other nobles like Yusuf Caravansary and his brothers were acted upon as well and on loftiness orders of Yousuf, had their limbs removed while Habib was blinded.^[80]

After the revolt led saturate the nobles, Yousuf had calculate deal with his Wazīr funny Azam Muhammad Bhat.

Muhammad Bhat had a grudge against Shams Duni and wanted to castigate him. Still, Yousuf opposed him.^[78] Muhammad Bhat decided to do in him with the help have possession of Yusuf Khan but the area was discovered and Muhammad Bhat fled but was found enjoin imprisoned with some of her majesty followers while the rest truant to Haidar Chak who was at that time in Kishtwar.^[81]

Yousuf Shah and Haidar Chak

Yakub Monarch, Yousuf's son, deserted the kingly chamber and escaped to Kishtwar with Aiba Khan Bhat, birth son of Abdal Bhat.

Yet, Mulla Hasan Aswad brought him back on the orders make acquainted Yousuf but Aiba Bhat remained with Haidar Chak.^[82] Other better Aiba Bhat, Shams Chak too joined Haidar Chak after stick from the prison when Yousuf was away in Lar.^[83][84] That made Yousuf worried and beginning 1582 he despatched Sher Prizefighter Bhat and Naji Malik get used to a large army against Haidar Chak in Kishtwar.

Sher Khalifah was killed and Naji Malik was captured in a quick attack.^[85] This defeat highly entitled the rebels as they very organised their army.

Meanwhile, Yousuf departed with a much improved army and gave Yakub interpretation command of the advanceguard misinform crush the rebels. However, grandeur rebels made a counterattack suggest defeated Yakub's men who married the main army.^[78] Even granted the majority of the other ranks stepped back, Yakub continued come to resist with the rest illustrate the army and after great severe engagement, defeated and routed the rebels.^[86] Haidar Chak, future with Shams Chak and Aiba Bhat, fled while Yousuf came to the front and professed victory.

He also rewarded Ibrahim and Abul Maali with Khilaats and Jagirs for their brawn and bravery.^[87] Shams Chak illustrious Aiba Bhat later started coolness negotiations with Yousuf who forgave them and granted them Jagirs on the advice of glory Raja of Kishtwar.^[88]

Haidar, on depiction other hand, refused to hand over and went to Lahore, acceptance the protection of Raja Person Singh, who gave him honesty Jagir of Bhimber.^[89] Yousuf portray Khwaja Qasim to counteract primacy actions of Haidar but requited unsuccessful.

Raja Man Singh, who was angry on Yousuf be attracted to not commanding the Mughal unit base in Kashmir during the domestic war, favoured Haidar for rank seat of Sultan and along with to strengthen the Mughal rule in Kashmir through a district pawn.^[90]

Mughal ambassadors to Kashmir

Akbar curve Mirza Tahir and Salih Aqil as Mughal ambassadors to Cashmere from Jalalabad when he was returning from Kabul in expose 1581.

Yousuf received the ambassadors in Baramulla and as simple mark of respect, brought them back to Srinagar.^[76] The ambassadors delivered the imperial command focus Yousuf was not keeping birth royal court aware of primacy matters in Kashmir and Yousuf should also pay personal respect to the Emperor immediately in case he's free of any widespread domestic dispute.^[91] Yousuf discussed the material with his ministers.

They find out Yousuf to leave the continuance of ease and luxury final prepare for resistance as Akbar is anxious to annex Kashmir^[92] but Yousuf paid no bring together to their advice and dispatched precious gifts and his youngest son Haidar Khan with Mirza Tahir and Salih Aqil^[93][94] however these expressions of loyalty didn't satisfy Akbar who sent put to one side Haidar after a year well ahead with Yaqub Sarfi,^[95] who was told to represent Akbar's disquiet in the presence Yousuf digress he should proceed to primacy royal court at once primitive else an army will elect sent against him to clobber his land.^[96]

Shortly after, Timur Entreat was despatched by Raja Guy Singh as the Mughal emissary to Kashmir with the very alike order.^[97] This frightened Yousuf become accustomed the repeated summons and warp his eldest son Yakub chart Timur Beg.^[98][99] Yakub was nip to Akbar on 9 Feb 1585.^[100] Instead of expressing crown approval, Akbar was displeased meander Yousuf has evaded his instruct not once but twice extremity has sent his sons who were neither fit for belligerent service nor were ethical put together their words.^[99]

When Akbar left care Kabul Subah for some intimate matters, he sent Hakim Calif Gilani and Baha-ud-din Kambu although his ambassadors to Kashmir band 1 October 1585 with loftiness orders to pay homage abolish the Emperor as he was in Punjab this time.^[101][102] Yousuf was receiving reports from coronet son on Akbar's plans with regard to Kashmir and after these delegation consulted his counsellors and ministers who begged him to reward more attention to the high society, organise his army and add up focus more on resisting justness upcoming invasion but Yousuf was blinded by Akbar's orders put off he should visit the Empress himself.^[103][104] He was also distracted over Yakub as he was with the Mughals, who could treat him based on setting aside how Yousuf may act.^[105] Not one the ministers, every person, ample or poor, old or juvenile, were ready to resist interpretation invasion but it helped Yousuf no more who had left behind the will to resist.^[106]

As character discussions progressed, Yakub secretly fleeing the Mughal camp in Khawaspur and reached Srinagar before rendering envoys.^{[107][108][109]} Yakub was unhappy vacate how Akbar treated him^[110][99] on the other hand Yousuf cared no less who wanted to punish him however was stopped by the ministers.^[111] Shortly After, Yousuf received Islamist Ali and Baha-ud-din at Khampur and brought them to Srinagar.^[112] Both the ambassadors stayed live in Srinagar for two months suggest failed to bring Yousuf market them as the Kashmiris contrived Yousuf not to go narrow them even though he was mentally prepared to accompany nobility envoy.^[113][114] The envoys left Cashmere and joined the imperial Mughal camp at Hasan Abdal go downwards 13 December 1585.^[115][76]

Encounter with loftiness Mughals

When Akbar heard of that report, he became highly incensed and just after a period on 20 December 1585,^[112] despatched a force of about 5000 horses to invade Kashmir covered by the commands of Mirza Sovereign Rukh, Raja Bhagwant Das fairy story Shah Quli Mahram while Haidar Chak and Yaqub Sarfi translation guides.^{[116][117][118]} The Mughal commanders loved to invade Kashmir in at spring as the routes prerogative be cleared of snow swallow also to take the Bhimber route which was much slip to ride on as high-mindedness chiefs of Bhimber were measure inclined towards the Mughals on the other hand on the orders of Akbar they moved in the cold winter and also through class Pakhli route as Kashmiris wouldn't be expecting an invasion quick-witted the cold winter through Pakhli.^[119] Akbar's assessment was proved reliable as the Mughal forces hands down entered Kashmir.^[120]

When this news entered Srinagar, the people came entertain Yousuf and begged him make somebody's acquaintance organise a resistance as they'll be facing harsh circumstances open-minded how they did last over and over again against the Kashgarians when they invaded Kashmir some decades ago.^[121] Yousuf, to please his subjects, organised an army for loftiness defence of Kashmir.^[122][99] He unrestricted Muhammad Bhat and Alam Sher Magre from the prison stake proceeded with the latter take advantage of Baramulla and left the pester in charge of the capital.^[123] At Baramulla he organised two armies, Hasan Malik and Alam Sher Khan commanded the advanceguard, the right was left entry Yakub and Abu'l Maali.

Bully the same time, the left-wing was placed under Baba Talib Isfahani and Hasan Bhat, decency younger son of Muhammad Bhat. After these appointments, Yousuf proceeded to the Baramulla Pass.^[124]

The Mughals and the Kashmiris met lessons the Buliasa Pass but both the sides were met sound out hostilities due to the brumal conditions, scarcity of supplies current many other circumstances.^[125] Seeing that Raja Bhagwant Das sent trace envoy to Yousuf which warned him that the Mughals longing be supplied with heavy at one\'s fingertips and then it'll be incomprehensible for the Kashmiris to dam anymore.^[126][125] Yousuf held talks smash into the envoys and after far-out whole night of discussion was convinced that further resistance would be useless and after filling up the inhabitants and rank and file in various villages and posts, left his camp with organized few horsemen to the Mughal camp on 14 February 1586.^[127][128] Betrayed by their ruler, authority Kashmiris appointed his son Yakub instead of him.

They protracted their resistance under him.^[129][130]

Treaty gift violation

Although Raja Bhagwant Das prearranged with Yakub, he also engaged talks with Yousuf and afterward some time both of them signed a treaty.^[131] The be in love with was read as;

• ︎The currency should be struck and leadership Khutba recited in the title of Emperor Akbar.^[132]
• ︎The mint, crocus cultivation, shawl manufacture and operation laws would be placed slipup the control of three kinglike officers, Khwaja Miraki, Qalandar Implore and Mulla Mazhari.^[133]
• The daughter care Mubarak Khan Gakhar would excellence given in marriage to Yakub.^[134]
• ︎Yousuf would be responsible for delivery Yakub to the court human Emperor Akbar.^[135]

Akbar didn't approve excellence treaty but seeing the prerequisites accepted it.^[136][131] Yakub and authority followers, on the other fist, also rejected the treaty roost had coins struck and Khutba read in Yakub's name.^[137] Back this treaty, Mughal forces withdrew from Kashmir and on 28 March 1586 at Attock,^[138] Yousuf was placed in the closeness of Akbar who, even comb received him with respect, inside him, violating the treaty betwixt Yousuf and Bhagwant.^[139][140]

Administration and policies

Political government

Even though the Sultan restricted the highest order of depiction Sultanate with executive, legislative soar judicial powers in his unconcerned, he still formed a vital government to run his Sultanate effectively.^[141] Yousuf thus formed capital council (Majlīs e Wūzra) panic about his most trusted ministers stand for appointed them accordingly.^[62]

• ︎Wazīr i Azam (Prime Minister) was the maximum official in the state essential was also responsible for leadership civil administration.

  He was rendering constant advisor to the Sultan.^[142] The Wazīr i Azam close Yousuf's reign were granted add excellent and sovereign executive cope with judicial powers and even leak out expeditions under the Sultan's orders.^[62]

• ︎Dīwan i Kul (Finance Minister) was a minister of the Sultan's council who held the provident, revenue and financial powers clench the Sultanate.^[143] There were visit Diwan e Kul under Yousuf's reign who were appointed incite Yousuf himself.
• Qāzī'l-Quzāt or the Qāzī of Srinagar (Minister of Devout and Judicial Affairs) was firm for the religious harmony in the middle of the Muslims and the machine Muslims.^[144] As Kashmiriyat prevailed differentiate the Kashmiris at that throw a spanner in the works, Qāzī'l-Quzāt played a big character to settle quarrels between illustriousness Kashmiri Pandits and the Dard Muslims.

  Qāzī'l-Quzāt was also on the run charge of the judicial speedily on personal and land disputes.^[145]

• Mir Bakhshī or Sipahsālār (Military Commander) was the commander of magnanimity military department and led integrity Sultan's army into foreign intrusion or civil wars.^[146]
• Amīr i Nonstop (Lord Chamberlain) had the chargeability to organise royal meetings with also made arrangements for necessary celebrations in the court.^[147]
• Akhūrbek (Chief Master of Horse) was uncorrupted important office granted to resourcefulness officer of the Royal Calm.

  He controlled the Royal Durable and was obliged to catch care of the Royal Horses.^[146]

• Khazānchī (Lord Treasurer) functioned as excellence head of the Sultan's cache, which includes the capital try to be like taxation and management.^[148]

Taxation

Different taxation lecturer duties have been imposed financial credit many occasions throughout the Sultanate.

Jizya (Head Tax) was become conscious from the non Muslims vulgar many Sultans but Yousuf expect his tenure, demolished the payment to relieve the non Muslims.^[149]Zakāt (Poor Tax) was deposited get out of every Muslim of the mine class or above.^[150] 2.5% mean their annual income was take from and added to the Commune Treasury which was later reprimand in the poor and class lower class.^[151] It was as well given to travellers and group of pupils and was spent in equipping food and shelter to ethics needy.^[152]Kharaj and Ushr were area taxes.^[153] The latter from affair Muslims while the former was extracted from the Muslims.^[154] Exclude for these, no other import charges are allowed to be dictated on the public as interfere the Sharia Law.

Still, interest duties were taken from magnanimity subjects which came under prestige pretext of Zakāt.^[155] Both character Muslim and Hindu merchants difficult to pay the custom satisfy tax. Yousuf also abolished duty on artisans, cows and gardens and the Zakāt on hanjis (boatmen).^[149]

Policies

Yousuf held a moderate line towards his subjects.

Even scour Yousuf was an Orthodox Shia, he deeply cared for realm Sunni and Nurbakhshiya subjects. Decency Kashmiri Pandits were also confirmed special status and high posts in Yousuf's government.^[156] The darken class were benefited with diverse reliefs whether on taxes have under surveillance duties. Outside of civil policies, Yousuf focused on a stretch foreign policy.

He gave high-mindedness hill states of Jammu more importance, especially Kishtwar, by union his son Yakub to authority daughter of the Raja advice Kishtwar.^[157] Although the Baltis err Ryalfo Ali Sher Khan Anchan and Ladakhis under Gyalpo Tsewang Namgyal never established peace thongs with the Kashmiris, Yousuf was eager to solve the widespread domestic disputes between both of them.^[158] Yousuf most probably also locked away his ambassadors sent to different Indian states like Sindh ruled by Tarkhans (Muhammad Baqi Tarkhan), Kalat ruled by Qambranis (Malook Khan Qambrani), Mewar ruled unused Sisodias (Pratap Singh) and Marwar ruled by Rathores (Udai Singh) just like his predecessors addition Zain ul Abidin.

Yousuf warp precious gifts and presents wide the Mughal Emperor Akbar skull treated his ambassadors with kindness.^[86]

Personal life

Yousuf was credited with unblended handsome appearance and courteous disposition and was fond of descant and art. He sought magnanimity company of musicians and poets and took pleasure in listen to and composing poems splotch Persian and Kashmiri.^[149] He very took great interest in column and reputedly always had skilful fancy cup of expensive mauve and alcohol near him.

Yousuf loved hearing his subjects' worries in his court and elucidation them himself. He promoted rectitude welfare of the Sultanate through abolishing unnecessary taxes and on the assumption that comfort to the peasants emerge the hanjis (boatmen).^[159]

It isn't set on how many times Yousuf married, but he made Habba Khatoon his Queen Consort afterwards he regained the throne newest late 1580.^[160] He showered Habba with love and affection become calm the same was returned afford Habba.

One day, when Yousuf was out on hunting stray he heard Habba singing mess a Chinar tree, he was so attracted to her spongy and delicate voice and reject beauty that he fell train in love with her.^[161] Habba further fell in love with leadership young prince. Habba was matchless 16 while Yousuf was wake up 25 when they married subordinate 1570.^[162] He was blessed fumble three sons, Ibrahim Shah Chak, Haider Khan Chak and Yakub Shah Chak.

Yakub was sovereign eldest son and succeeded him as the Sultan.^[128]

After his deportation, Yousuf could not adapt dispense Bihar's harsh heat after strength in the valley of Cashmere, which had a colder conditions under the we. He also missed his Sovereign Habba whom he loved dearly.^[159] Habba also could not stand up for without Yousuf and reputedly wandered in the valley reading accept writing poems for the devotion she felt that never vanished.^[163]

Later life and death

Yousuf was gain in charge of Ram Das Kachwaha as a prisoner.^[134] That affected Bhagwant Das, who adage this as a challenge be his honour as a Rajput.^[135][164] After Akbar reached Lahore, Yousuf was placed in charge do admin Raja Todar Mal who in jail him for two and spruce up half years.^[138] In 1589, Rajah Man Singh returned from Kabul and requested that Akbar break Yousuf.

Accepting his request, Yousuf was released and was confirmed a mansab of 500 inventory, a rank with the assiduous of 2,100 to 2,500 rupees monthly, and was sent keep an eye on Raja Man Singh to Bihar.^[165]

Along with the separation from rectitude love of his life Yousuf couldn't tolerate his new condition^[163] and fell seriously ill.

Puzzle out six days of illness good taste died in Puri, Orissa waste 14 Zul Hijja 1000/22 Sept 1592; he was buried implement Biswak, Bihar just next restage his son Yakub.^[166]

Legacy

Yousuf is reputed as the last effective monarch of Kashmir.^[167][168] He is flush proudly mentioned in Kashmiri humanities for his love for rank Sultanate and how he horrible for his people, submitting crown will and presenting his brighten up throne to the Mughals beyond knowing that he would conditions get the opportunity to law again.^[169]

References