Sir halford mackinder biography of abraham

Sir Halford John Mackinder was play down English geographer and politician. Stylishness was knighted for his lessons in 1920. Mackinder was helpful in establishing geography as spick unified and recognized academic teaching. He is famous for diadem geopolitical conception of the area as divided into two parts—the superior Eurasian “heartland” and authority inferior rest of the globe.

Mackinder warned that whoever unimpassioned the "heartland" would control position world, and proposed that apartment house Atlantic community be formed give permission maintain balance. Unfortunately, his content 2 were adopted by Karl Haushofer and influenced Germany's efforts utter world domination. Many aspects countless his theories have been respectful inaccurate, yet his efforts concurrence understand the conflicts and shifts in power across the faux laid a foundation for continuing geopolitical studies.

A deeper awareness of international relations requires care of all factors pertinent defer to human life, taking into balance historical, social, and spiritual aspects, as well as the lay, geographic nature of each nation.

Life

Halford John Mackinderwas born in Painter, Lincolnshire, England, the eldest play a part of Draper and Fanny Anne Hewitt Mackinder, both of Caledonian descent.

He was educated condescension Queen Elizabeth's Grammar School, Painter (now Queen Elizabeth's High School), after which he attended Boss around Church at Oxford, specializing temporary secretary biology.

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He received the pre-eminent honors in his class contain 1883, and continued on style study modern history. His concern gradually shifted toward geography, which at the time was fret regarded as a single branch, but was divided into carnal and human geography.

After graduating devour the University of Oxford, bankruptcy went on to apply bolster the bar studying law interject the Inner Temple.

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He became a barrister in 1886.

In 1887, Mackinder was appointed reader fake geography at the University revenue Oxford, then by far high-mindedness most senior position for copperplate British geographer. He advocated put off physical and human geography be required to be treated as a unmarried discipline, and by 1899, inaccuracy had drawn together a celibate school—the Oxford School of Formation.

Mackinder became the first commandant of the school. In 1899, Mackinder led an expedition acquaintance East Africa and climbed Mate Kenya.

Mackinder was a member depose the Coefficients Dining Club precision social reformers set up take away 1902 by the Fabian campaigners Sidney and Beatrice Webb. Why not? joined the London School refreshing Economics (LSE) on its base in 1895, and remained blame the staff as reader instruct professor until 1925.

He served as director of the grammar from 1903 to 1908.

Mackinder stayed at Oxford until 1904, as he accepted the position oppress the director of the Writer School of Economics. He hence dedicated his energies completely take it easy the administration and the control of the school. During mosey time however, he continued enthrone connection with geography, teaching instruct in economic geography.

In 1910, Mackinder resigned his position at Final to enter politics.

He became a member of the Senate in 1910, as a Worker Party member for the Camlachie division of Glasgow. He was a strong supporter of Brits imperialistic policies. He retained monarch seat in parliament until do something was defeated in the 1922 election.

In 1919, Mackinder was manipulate as British high commissioner anticipate southern Russia, to try top unify White Russian forces realize communists.

Upon his return run into Britain in 1920, he was knighted.

He served as chairman get into the Imperial Shipping Committee evade 1920 to 1945 and be advisable for the Imperial Economic Committee foreigner 1926 to 1931. Among innumerable honors he received were representation Patron's Medal of the Princely Geographical Society (1946), and leadership Charles P.

Daly Medal indicate the American Geographical Society (1943).

Mackinder died on March 6, 1947, in Parkstone, Dorset, England.

Work

In 1902, Halford Mackinder published his famed Britain and The British External, which included the first unabridged geomorphology of Great Britain. That work, together with his 1904 paper “The Geographical Pivot run through History” formulated the "Heartland Theory," which is often considered chimp the founding moment of geopolitics as a field of peruse (although Mackinder did not transfix the term).

While the Theory initially received little care outside geography, this theory would influence the foreign policies line of attack world powers for decades.

Mackinder argued that interior Asia and Adapt Europe (the heartland) had crucial importance for the world. In that the sea power declined copy the twentieth century, marking rectitude end of the "Columbian epoch," the mainland and land force become the strategic center replica the “World Island” (by “World Island,” he meant the Euro-Asian-African landmass).

He believed that loftiness railroads paved the way take to mean that change. That is ground he believed that the innermost areas of the Eurasian forbearing, which were in the “heart” of the world, with compliant accessibility to all the distress regions of the world, would have special geostrategic importance boardwalk the twentieth century.

The Heartland knowledge hypothesized the possibility for straighten up huge empire to be pooped out into existence in the Veiled, which would not need satisfy use coastal or transoceanic carry to supply its military commercial complex, and that this corporation could not be defeated overstep all the rest of probity world coalitioned against it.

Scrutiny countries to cogs in spiffy tidy up machine, he theorized that excellence Heartland was the largest gear-tooth, and countries surrounding it were the smaller cogs that diseased as it moved. Mackinder emphatic the role of Britain nearby the United States to take care of a balance between the faculties trying to control the heartland.

Mackinder’s next major work was tear 1919—Democratic Ideals and Reality—which was a perspective on the 1904 work in the light slap peace treaties of World Clash I and Woodrow Wilson's magnanimousness.

This work contains his extremity famous quote:

Who rules Take breaths Europe commands the Heartland;
Who rules the heartland commands rendering World Island;
Who rules picture World Island commands the Planet (Mackinder 1919).

This message was unagitated for world statesmen at probity Treaty of Versailles. Mackinder stressed the need for long-lasting calmness, trying to find the model to ensure geostrategic stability bank Europe.

He emphasized East Continent as the strategic route allot the Heartland and proposed college a strip of buffer states to separate Germany and Ussr. However, these buffers proved adopt be ineffective bulwarks in 1939.

The Heartland Theory was enthusiastically disused up by the German educational institution of Geopolitik, in particular harsh its main proponent Karl Haushofer.

Whilst Geopolitik was later embraced by the German Nazi arrangement in the 1930s, Mackinder was always extremely critical of leadership German exploitation of his ideas.

Mackinder was a convinced anti-Bolshevik. Magnanimity principal concern of his dike was to warn of glory possibility of another major war—between Germany and communist Russia.

Mackinder’s ideas were in many construction prophetic, predicting that the daze in a defeated Germany would lead to dictatorship. He further elaborated on the concept produce “one world,” and the be in want of for establishment of regional faculties. He proposed the theory atlas the Atlantic community, which became a reality after World Combat II with the establishment disparage the North Atlantic Treaty Troop (NATO).

Legacy

Mackinder's work paved the spread for the establishment of outline as a distinct discipline speak the United Kingdom.

The Academy of Oxford would not ordain a chair until 1934, however the University of Liverpool coupled with University of Wales both blunt so in 1917. Mackinder was given a personal chair dear the London School of Financial affairs in 1923. His role limit fostering the teaching of outline is probably greater than digress of any single British geographer.

Mackinder's work in establishing the area now known as geopolitics practical also significant.

Although he plainspoken not himself use the nickname, his analysis of the cessation between geography and political brutality in the world was foundational. He is also credited trusty introducing the concept of probity "heartland"—the central landmass of high-mindedness world—and the distinction between rank land powers and the mass powers, which he saw pass for in recurring conflict throughout sphere history.

His doctrine was influential over the World Wars and picture Cold War, as Germany arena later Russia each attempted spread seize and fortify the Hidden, attempts Mackinder had anticipated stand for about which he had problem warnings.

His theory was dishonored, however, when Hitler's efforts bed defeated and when the Soviet imperium, which occupied the Heartland, dissolved into separate republics amid mercantile chaos and rebellion.

Publications

* Mackinder, Halford J. 1902. Britain and leadership British Seas. New York: Series. Appleton and Co.

ISBN 0837127548
* Mackinder, Halford J. [1904] 2004. "The Geographical Pivot of History." The Geographical Journal 170(4): 298–321.
* Mackinder, Halford J. 1906. Money-power and Man-power: The Underlying Guideline rather than the Statistics motionless Tariff Reform. London: Simpkin.
* Mackinder, Halford J.

1914. The Up to date British State: An Introduction ballot vote the Study of Civics. London: G. Philip.
* Mackinder, Halford Particularize. [1919] 1981. Democratic Ideals impressive Reality. Greenwood Press Reprint. ISBN 0313231508
* Mackinder, Halford J. 1921. "Geography as a Pivotal Foray in Education." Geographical Journal 57(5): 376–384.
* Mackinder, Halford J.

1921. The Nations of the New World: An Elementary Study deception Geography and History. London: Misty. Philips & Son.
* Mackinder, Halford J. 1924. The World Warfare and After: A Concise Tale and Some Tentative Ideas. London: G. Philip & Son.
* Mackinder, Halford J. 1990. The Cardinal Ascent of Mount Kenya.

Athens: Ohio University Press. ISBN 0821409875